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John D. Cook

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Proportion of 1s in a Hadamard matrix
John · 2026-08-17 · via John D. Cook

The first post in the recent series of posts on Hadamard matrices describes a way of constructing new Hadamard matrices from two other Hadamard matrices by taking their Kronecker product.

Starting with a Hadamard matrix H0 and a Hadamard matrix G, you can construct a sequence of Hadamard matrices by

Hn+1 = GHn

for  positive integers n. This is known as the generalized Sylvester method.

Let pn be the proportion of 1s in Hn and let q be the proportion of 1s in G. Then you can show that the recurrence holds

pn+1 = q pn + (1 − q)(1 − pn).

You can solve the recurrence to show that

limn → ∞ pn = ½

and so as the iterations proceed, the ratio of number of 1s to the number of −1s approaches 1.

This doesn’t say anything Hadamard matrices in general, but it does apply to all Hadamard matrices created by repeatedly applying the generalized Sylvester method.

If you set G and H equal to the matrix

 \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1\\ 1 & -1 \end{bmatrix}

then p0q = ¾. Then for n = 1, 2, 3, …, 8 the values of pn are

0.625
0.5625
0.53125
0.515625
0.5078125
0.50390625
0.501953125
0.5009765625.