Linux连接数据库
本机连接
root@VM-12-5-debian:~# su - postgres # 切换用户环境
postgres@VM-12-5-debian:~$ psql # 连接数据库,默认用户和数据库都是postgres
psql (15.7 (Debian 15.7-0+deb12u1))
Type "help" for help.
postgres=#
连接其他数据库
# psql -h 服务器地址 -p 数据库端口号 -U 用户名
cirry@VM-12-5-debian:~$ psql -h xxxx.xxxx.xxx -p 5432 -U postgres
Password for user postgres:
psql (15.7 (Debian 15.7-0+deb12u1))
SSL connection (protocol: TLSv1.3, cipher: TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, compression: off)
Type "help" for help.
postgres=#
退出连接
postgres=# \q
# 或者 直接输入 ctrl + d
库操作
# 查询数据库
postgres=# \l
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | ICU Locale | Locale Provider | Access privileges
------------+----------+----------+------------+------------+------------+-----------------+-----------------------
astro-blog | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.utf8 | en_US.utf8 | | libc |
mydb | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.utf8 | en_US.utf8 | | libc |
# 创建数据库
# create database 数据库名;
postgres=# create database mydb;
CREATE DATABASE
# 切换数据库
# \c 数据库名;
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postgres=# \c mydb;
You are now connected to database "mydb" as user "postgres".
# 删除数据库
# drop database 数据库名;
postgres=# drop database mydb;
DROP DATABASE
表操作
Postgres中三类主要数据类型:
- 数值数据类型
- 字符串数据类型
- 时间/日期数据类型
数值类型:
| 名称 | 存储长度 | 描述 | 范围 |
|---|---|---|---|
| smallint | 2字节 | 小范围整数 | -32768 ~ +32768 |
| integer | 4字节 | 常用整数 | -2147483648 ~ +2147483647 |
| bigint | 8字节 | 大范围整数 | -9223372036854775808 ~ +9223372036854775807 |
| decimal | 可变长 | 用户指定的精度,精确 | 小数点前131072位 ~ 小数点后16383位 |
| numeric | 可变长 | 用户指定的精度,精确 | 小数点前131072位 ~ 小数点后16383位 |
| real | 4字节 | 可变精度,不精确 | 6位十进制数字精度 |
| double | 8字节 | 可变精度,不精确 | 15位十进制数字精度 |
字符串类型:
- char(size), character(size): 固定长度字符串,size规定需存储的字符数,由右边的空格补齐;
- varchar(size), character varying(size): 可变长度字符串,size规定需存储的字符数;
- text: 可变长度字符串。
日期/时间类型:
- timestamp: 日期和时间,时间戳;
- date: 日期, 无时间;
- time: 时间。
自增标识字段:
| 伪类型 | 存储长度 | 范围 |
|---|---|---|
| smallserial | 2字节 | 1 ~ 32768 |
| serial | 4字节 | 1 ~ 2147483647 |
| bigserial | 8字节 | 1 ~ 9223372036854775807 |
其它的数据类型还有布尔值,货币数额和几何数据等等。
创建表
mydb=# create table test(id serial primary key, name varchar(255));
CREATE TABLE
查询表和表结构
# 查询表
mydb-# \d
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner
--------+-------------+----------+----------
public | test | table | postgres
public | test_id_seq | sequence | postgres
(2 rows)
# 查询指定表结构
mydb=# \d test;
Table "public.test"
Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
--------+------------------------+-----------+----------+----------------------------------
id | integer | | not null | nextval('test_id_seq'::regclass)
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name | character varying(255) | | |
Indexes:
"test_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
插入数据
mydb=# insert into test(name) values('jack');
INSERT 0 1
mydb=# select * from test;
id | name
----+------
1 | jack
(1 row)
更新数据
mydb=# update test set name='mayun' where id=1;
UPDATE 1
删除数据
mydb=# delete from test where id = 1;
DELETE 1
schema
mydb=# create schema myschema;
CREATE SCHEMA
mydb=# create table myschema.test(id serial primary key, name varchar(255));
CREATE TABLE
备份数据库
官方文档:pg_dump
备份的格式有几种:
- *.bak: 压缩二进制格式
- *.sql: 明文格式
- *.tar: 压缩格式
# 备份,注意在postgres用户的shell中执行,不是在pgsl中执行
root@VM-12-5-debian:~# su - postgres
# pg_dump -f 备份文件路径 数据库名
postgres@VM-12-5-debian:~$ pg_dump -f /tmp/mydb.sql mydb
postgres@VM-12-5-debian:~$ ls /tmp
mydb.sql
恢复数据库
注意,恢复数据库前,需要提前创建好数据库。
另外,执行恢复命令是在postgres用户的shell中,而不是在psql控制台中。
root@VM-12-5-debian:~# su - postgres # 切换用户
postgres@VM-12-5-debian:~$ psql # 进入psql控制台
postgres=# create database mydb; # 创建数据库
postgres=# \q # 退出psql控制台
# psql -f 恢复文件路径 数据库名
postgres@VM-12-5-debian:~$ psql -f /tmp/mydb.sql mydb # 执行恢复命令
用户操作
增删改查
postgres=# create user test with password '123456';
CREATE ROLE
# 查询用户
postgres=# \du
List of roles
Role name | Attributes | Member of
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
postgres | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS | {}
test | | {}
postgres=# alter user test with password '123456789';
ALTER ROLE
# 未赋予角色权限
postgres=# drop user test
DROP ROLE
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# 删除已赋予角色权限的用户,需要移除账户数据库所有权限
postgres=# drop user test;
ERROR: role "test" cannot be dropped because some objects depend on it
DETAIL: privileges for database mydb
2 objects in database mydb
# 删除库权限
postgres=# revoke all privileges on database mydb from test;
REVOKE
# 删除表权限
postgres=# \c mydb;
mydb=# revoke all privileges on all tables in schema public from test;
REVOKE
mydb=# drop user test;
DROP ROLE
使用其他用户登录
postgres=# \q
postgres@VM-12-5-debian:~$ psql -U test -d mydb
psql: error: connection to server on socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432" failed: FATAL: Peer authentication failed for user "test"
提示认证失败,需要修改配置文件。
# vim /etc/postgresql/[数据库版本号]/main/pg_hba.conf
root@VM-12-5-debian:~# vim /etc/postgresql/15/main/pg_hba.conf
# ... 找到下面这一行修改后面的 peer 为 md5
# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only
local all all peer
local all all md5
# ...
# 修改完成之后重启postgres
root@VM-12-5-debian:~# systemctl restart postgresql
再使用新创建的用户登录:
postgres@VM-12-5-debian:~$ psql -U test -d mydb;
Password for user test:
psql (15.7 (Debian 15.7-0+deb12u1))
Type "help" for help.
# 查看所有表
mydb=> \d
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner
--------+-------------+----------+----------
public | test | table | postgres
public | test_id_seq | sequence | postgres
(2 rows)
# 查询表内容,提示无权限
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mydb=> select * from test;
ERROR: permission denied for table test
mydb=> \q
用户授权
# postgres用户授权库权限给test
postgres=# grant all privileges on database mydb to test;
GRANT
# 切换到mydb库中
postgres=# \c mydb;
You are now connected to database "mydb" as user "postgres".
# 将mydb的表权限授权给test用户
mydb=# grant all privileges on all tables in schema public to test;
GRANT
mydb=# \q
新用户权限测试
postgres@VM-12-5-debian:~$ psql -U test -d mydb;
Password for user test:
psql (15.7 (Debian 15.7-0+deb12u1))
Type "help" for help.
# 有查询权限了
mydb=> select * from test;
id | name
----+-------
2 | jack
3 | cirry
(2 rows)
角色管理
postgresql里没有区分用户和角色的概念。
postgres=# create role vip;
CREATE ROLE
postgres=# create user cirry;
CREATE ROLE
postgres=# \du
List of roles
Role name | Attributes | Member of
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
cirry | | {}
postgres | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS | {}
vip | Cannot login | {}
区别:创建的角色是没有登录功能的。
角色属性
| 属性 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| login | 只有具有login属性的角色可以登录数据库 |
| superuser | 数据库超级用户 |
| createdb | 创建数据库权限 |
| createrole | 允许其创建或删除其他普通用户角色(超级用户除外) |
| replication | 流复制用到的用户属性,一般单独设定 |
| password | 在登录时使用指定密码登录 |
| inherit | 用户组对组员的继承标志,成员可以继承用户组的权限特性 |
创建用户
创建用户外加赋予角色属性示例:
# 查看用户列表
postgres=# \du
List of roles
Role name | Attributes | Member of
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
cirry | | {}
postgres | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS | {}
vip | Cannot login | {}
# 给角色添加登录属性
postgres=# alter role vip login;
ALTER ROLE
# 查看用户列表
postgres=# \du
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List of roles
Role name | Attributes | Member of
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
cirry | | {}
postgres | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS | {}
vip | | {}
# 创建一个角色指定登录密码和登录功能
postgres=# create role newuser password '123456' login;
CREATE ROLE
postgres=# \q
# 新角色登录测试
postgres@VM-12-5-debian:~$ psql -U newuser -d mydb;
Password for user newuser:
psql (15.7 (Debian 15.7-0+deb12u1))
其他功能
# 查看用户
postgres=# select * from pg_user;
usename | usesysid | usecreatedb | usesuper | userepl | usebypassrls | passwd | valuntil | useconfig
----------+----------+-------------+----------+---------+--------------+----------+----------+-----------
postgres | 10 | t | t | t | t | ******** | |
cirry | 68737 | f | f | f | f | ******** | |
# 查看角色
postgres=# select * from pg_roles;
rolname | rolsuper | rolinherit | rolcreaterole | rolcreatedb | rolcanlogin | rolreplication | rolconnlimit | rolpassword | rolvaliduntil | rolbypassrls | rolconfig | oid
---------------------------+----------+------------+---------------+-------------+-------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+-------
pg_database_owner | f | t | f | f | f | f | -1 | ******** | | f | | 6171
pg_read_all_data | f | t | f | f | f | f | -1 | ******** | | f | | 6181
pg_write_all_data | f | t | f | f | f | f | -1 | ******** | | f | | 6182
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pg_monitor | f | t | f | f | f | f | -1 | ******** | | f | | 3373
pg_read_all_settings | f | t | f | f | f | f | -1 | ******** | | f | | 3374
pg_read_all_stats | f | t | f | f | f | f | -1 | ******** | | f | | 3375
pg_stat_scan_tables | f | t | f | f | f | f | -1 | ******** | | f | | 3377
pg_read_server_files | f | t | f | f | f | f | -1 | ******** | | f | | 4569
pg_write_server_files | f | t | f | f | f | f | -1 | ******** | | f | | 4570
pg_execute_server_program | f | t | f | f | f | f | -1 | ******** | | f | | 4571
pg_signal_backend | f | t | f | f | f | f | -1 | ******** | | f | | 4200
pg_checkpoint | f | t | f | f | f | f | -1 | ******** | | f | | 4544
postgres | t | t | t | t | t | t | -1 | ******** | | t | | 10
vip | f | t | f | f | f | f | -1 | ******** | | f | | 68736
cirry | f | t | f | f | t | f | -1 | ******** | | f | | 68737
常用命令
# 修改当前登录用户密码
postgres=> \password
Enter new password for user "newuser":
Enter it again:
# 退出登录
postgres=> \q
# 查看sql命令
postgres=> \h select
# 列出所有数据库
postgres=> \l
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | ICU Locale | Locale Provider | Access privileges
------------+----------+----------+------------+------------+------------+-----------------+-----------------------
astro-blog | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.utf8 | en_US.utf8 | | libc |
gitea | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.utf8 | en_US.utf8 | | libc |
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memos | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.utf8 | en_US.utf8 | | libc |
# 切换其他数据库
postgres=# \c mydb
You are now connected to database "mydb" as user "postgres".
# 列出当前数据库的所有表
mydb=# \d
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner
--------+-------------+----------+----------
public | test | table | postgres
public | test_id_seq | sequence | postgres
(2 rows)
# 列出某一张表格结构
mydb=# \d test;
Table "public.test"
Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
--------+------------------------+-----------+----------+----------------------------------
id | integer | | not null | nextval('test_id_seq'::regclass)
name | character varying(255) | | |
Indexes:
"test_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
# 列出所有用户
mydb=# \du
List of roles
Role name | Attributes | Member of
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
postgres | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS | {}









