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PAC Learning with Bandit Feedback: Sharp Sample Complexity in the Realizable Setting Algorithms with Polynomially-Improved Approximation Factors for the $2 \rightarrow q$ Norm, and Applications A computational phase transition for learning-to-sample from Ising models Covering vertices by sequential stars Fermi-Dirac machines as quantizations of neurons A Comprehensive Evaluation of Vertex Elimination Algorithms for Algorithmic Differentiation A Tight Bound on Localization of Electrical Flows Optimal Dimension-Free Sampling for Regularized Classification Reducing the Randomness in Partition Oracles for Bounded Degree Minor-Free Graphs Beyond the Half-Approximation: Fair and Efficient Online Class Matching Efficient Uniform Sampling of Surjections via their Profiles Tractable Maximization of Budgeted Phylogenetic Diversity on Networks Utilizing Node Scanwidth Fairness in Aggregation: Optimal Top-$k$ and Improved Full Ranking Learning-Augmented Online Scheduling with Parsimonious Preemption Entropy Equivalence Testing Lumberjack: Better Differentially Private Random Forests through Heavy Hitter Detection in Trees The Secretary Problem with a Stochastic Precursor Polynomial-Time Robust Multiclass Linear Classification under Gaussian Marginals Efficient Banzhaf-Based Data Valuation for $k$-Nearest Neighbors Classification Block-Sphere Vector Quantization An Approximation Algorithm for Graph Label Selection Iterative Chow Filtering for Learning with Distribution Shift Complexity of Non-Log-Concave Sampling in Fisher Information Stochastic Matching via Local Sparsification Finite Sample Bounds for Learning with Score Matching What is Learnable in Valiant's Theory of the Learnable? Provable Quantization with Randomized Hadamard Transform Min-Max Optimization Requires Exponentially Many Queries Fast and Compact Graph Cuts for the Boykov-Kolmogorov Algorithm A proximal gradient algorithm for composite log-concave sampling
A Very Efficient Scheme for Estimating Entropy of Data St...
Ping Li · 2008-08-13 · via cs.DS updates on arXiv.org

Compressed Counting (CC)} was recently proposed for approximating the $α$th frequency moments of data streams, for $0<α\leq 2$. Under the relaxed strict-Turnstile model, CC dramatically improves the standard algorithm based on symmetric stable random projections}, especially as $α\to 1$. A direct application of CC is to estimate the entropy, which is an important summary statistic in Web/network measurement and often serves a crucial "feature" for data mining. The Rényi entropy and the Tsallis entropy are functions of the $α$th frequency moments; and both approach the Shannon entropy as $α\to 1$. A recent theoretical work suggested using the $α$th frequency moment to approximate the Shannon entropy with $α=1+δ$ and very small $|δ|$ (e.g., $<10^{-4}$). In this study, we experiment using CC to estimate frequency moments, Rényi entropy, Tsallis entropy, and Shannon entropy, on real Web crawl data. We demonstrate the variance-bias trade-off in estimating Shannon entropy and provide practical recommendations. In particular, our experiments enable us to draw some important conclusions: (1) As $α\to 1$, CC dramatically improves {\em symmetric stable random projections} in estimating frequency moments, Rényi entropy, Tsallis entropy, and Shannon entropy. The improvements appear to approach "infinity." (2) Using {\em symmetric stable random projections} and $α= 1+δ$ with very small $|δ|$ does not provide a practical algorithm because the required sample size is enormous.