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PAC Learning with Bandit Feedback: Sharp Sample Complexity in the Realizable Setting Algorithms with Polynomially-Improved Approximation Factors for the $2 \rightarrow q$ Norm, and Applications A computational phase transition for learning-to-sample from Ising models Covering vertices by sequential stars Fermi-Dirac machines as quantizations of neurons A Comprehensive Evaluation of Vertex Elimination Algorithms for Algorithmic Differentiation A Tight Bound on Localization of Electrical Flows Optimal Dimension-Free Sampling for Regularized Classification Reducing the Randomness in Partition Oracles for Bounded Degree Minor-Free Graphs Beyond the Half-Approximation: Fair and Efficient Online Class Matching Efficient Uniform Sampling of Surjections via their Profiles Tractable Maximization of Budgeted Phylogenetic Diversity on Networks Utilizing Node Scanwidth Fairness in Aggregation: Optimal Top-$k$ and Improved Full Ranking Learning-Augmented Online Scheduling with Parsimonious Preemption Entropy Equivalence Testing Lumberjack: Better Differentially Private Random Forests through Heavy Hitter Detection in Trees The Secretary Problem with a Stochastic Precursor Polynomial-Time Robust Multiclass Linear Classification under Gaussian Marginals Efficient Banzhaf-Based Data Valuation for $k$-Nearest Neighbors Classification Block-Sphere Vector Quantization An Approximation Algorithm for Graph Label Selection Iterative Chow Filtering for Learning with Distribution Shift Complexity of Non-Log-Concave Sampling in Fisher Information Stochastic Matching via Local Sparsification Finite Sample Bounds for Learning with Score Matching What is Learnable in Valiant's Theory of the Learnable? Provable Quantization with Randomized Hadamard Transform Min-Max Optimization Requires Exponentially Many Queries Fast and Compact Graph Cuts for the Boykov-Kolmogorov Algorithm A proximal gradient algorithm for composite log-concave sampling
A Speed-up for Helsgaun's TSP Heuristic by Relaxing the P...
Sabrina C. L. Ammann, Birte Ostermann, Sebastian Stiller, Timo d · 2024-01-29 · via cs.DS updates on arXiv.org

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the most extensively researched and widely applied combinatorial optimization problems. It is NP-hard even in the symmetric and metric case. Building upon elaborate research, state-of-the-art exact solvers such as CONCORDE can solve TSP instances with several ten thousand vertices. A key ingredient for these integer programming approaches are fast heuristics to find a good initial solution, in particular the Lin-Kernighan-Helsgaun (LKH) heuristic. For instances with few hundred vertices heuristics like LKH often find an optimal solution. In this work we develop variations of LKH that perform significantly better on large instances. LKH repeatedly improves an initially random tour by exchanging edges along alternating circles. Thereby, it respects several criteria designed to quickly find alternating circles that give a feasible improvement of the tour. Among those criteria, the positive gain criterion stayed mostly untouched in previous research. It requires that, while constructing an alternating circle, the total gain has to be positive after each pair of edges. We relax this criterion carefully leading to improvement steps hitherto undiscovered by LKH. We confirm this improvement experimentally via extensive simulations on various benchmark libraries for TSP. Our computational study shows that for large instances our method is on average 13% faster than the latest version of LKH.