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PAC Learning with Bandit Feedback: Sharp Sample Complexity in the Realizable Setting Algorithms with Polynomially-Improved Approximation Factors for the $2 \rightarrow q$ Norm, and Applications A computational phase transition for learning-to-sample from Ising models Covering vertices by sequential stars Fermi-Dirac machines as quantizations of neurons A Comprehensive Evaluation of Vertex Elimination Algorithms for Algorithmic Differentiation A Tight Bound on Localization of Electrical Flows Optimal Dimension-Free Sampling for Regularized Classification Reducing the Randomness in Partition Oracles for Bounded Degree Minor-Free Graphs Beyond the Half-Approximation: Fair and Efficient Online Class Matching Efficient Uniform Sampling of Surjections via their Profiles Tractable Maximization of Budgeted Phylogenetic Diversity on Networks Utilizing Node Scanwidth Fairness in Aggregation: Optimal Top-$k$ and Improved Full Ranking Learning-Augmented Online Scheduling with Parsimonious Preemption Entropy Equivalence Testing Lumberjack: Better Differentially Private Random Forests through Heavy Hitter Detection in Trees The Secretary Problem with a Stochastic Precursor Polynomial-Time Robust Multiclass Linear Classification under Gaussian Marginals Efficient Banzhaf-Based Data Valuation for $k$-Nearest Neighbors Classification Block-Sphere Vector Quantization An Approximation Algorithm for Graph Label Selection Iterative Chow Filtering for Learning with Distribution Shift Complexity of Non-Log-Concave Sampling in Fisher Information Stochastic Matching via Local Sparsification Finite Sample Bounds for Learning with Score Matching What is Learnable in Valiant's Theory of the Learnable? Provable Quantization with Randomized Hadamard Transform Min-Max Optimization Requires Exponentially Many Queries Fast and Compact Graph Cuts for the Boykov-Kolmogorov Algorithm A proximal gradient algorithm for composite log-concave sampling
Balanced Allocations: The Heavily Loaded Case with Deletions
Nikhil Bansal, William Kuszmaul · 2022-05-13 · via cs.DS updates on arXiv.org

In the 2-choice allocation problem, $m$ balls are placed into $n$ bins, and each ball must choose between two random bins $i, j \in [n]$ that it has been assigned to. It has been known for more than two decades, that if each ball follows the Greedy strategy (i.e., always pick the less-full bin), then the maximum load will be $m/n + O(\log \log n)$ with high probability in $n$ (and $m / n + O(\log m)$ with high probability in $m$). It has remained open whether the same bounds hold in the dynamic version of the same game, where balls are inserted/deleted with up to $m$ balls present at a time. We show that these bounds do not hold in the dynamic setting: already on $4$ bins, there exists a sequence of insertions/deletions that cause {Greedy} to incur a maximum load of $m/4 + Ω(\sqrt{m})$ with probability $Ω(1)$ -- this is the same bound as if each ball is simply assigned to a random bin! This raises the question of whether any 2-choice allocation strategy can offer a strong bound in the dynamic setting. Our second result answers this question in the affirmative: we present a new strategy, called ModulatedGreedy, that guarantees a maximum load of $m / n + O(\log m)$, at any given moment, with high probability in $m$. Generalizing ModulatedGreedy, we obtain dynamic guarantees for the $(1 + β)$-choice setting, and for the setting of balls-and-bins on a graph. Finally, we consider a setting in which balls can be reinserted after they are deleted, and where the pair $i, j$ that a given ball uses is consistent across insertions. This seemingly small modification renders tight load balancing impossible: on 4 bins, any strategy that is oblivious to the specific identities of balls must allow for a maximum load of $m/4 + poly(m)$ at some point in the first $poly(m)$ insertions/deletions, with high probability in $m$.