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PAC Learning with Bandit Feedback: Sharp Sample Complexity in the Realizable Setting Algorithms with Polynomially-Improved Approximation Factors for the $2 \rightarrow q$ Norm, and Applications A computational phase transition for learning-to-sample from Ising models Covering vertices by sequential stars Fermi-Dirac machines as quantizations of neurons A Comprehensive Evaluation of Vertex Elimination Algorithms for Algorithmic Differentiation A Tight Bound on Localization of Electrical Flows Optimal Dimension-Free Sampling for Regularized Classification Reducing the Randomness in Partition Oracles for Bounded Degree Minor-Free Graphs Beyond the Half-Approximation: Fair and Efficient Online Class Matching Efficient Uniform Sampling of Surjections via their Profiles Tractable Maximization of Budgeted Phylogenetic Diversity on Networks Utilizing Node Scanwidth Fairness in Aggregation: Optimal Top-$k$ and Improved Full Ranking Learning-Augmented Online Scheduling with Parsimonious Preemption Entropy Equivalence Testing Lumberjack: Better Differentially Private Random Forests through Heavy Hitter Detection in Trees The Secretary Problem with a Stochastic Precursor Polynomial-Time Robust Multiclass Linear Classification under Gaussian Marginals Efficient Banzhaf-Based Data Valuation for $k$-Nearest Neighbors Classification Block-Sphere Vector Quantization An Approximation Algorithm for Graph Label Selection Iterative Chow Filtering for Learning with Distribution Shift Complexity of Non-Log-Concave Sampling in Fisher Information Stochastic Matching via Local Sparsification Finite Sample Bounds for Learning with Score Matching What is Learnable in Valiant's Theory of the Learnable? Provable Quantization with Randomized Hadamard Transform Min-Max Optimization Requires Exponentially Many Queries Fast and Compact Graph Cuts for the Boykov-Kolmogorov Algorithm A proximal gradient algorithm for composite log-concave sampling
Kronecker Products, Low-Depth Circuits, and Matrix Rigidity
Josh Alman · 2021-02-24 · via cs.DS updates on arXiv.org

For a matrix $M$ and a positive integer $r$, the rank $r$ rigidity of $M$ is the smallest number of entries of $M$ which one must change to make its rank at most $r$. There are many known applications of rigidity lower bounds to a variety of areas in complexity theory, but fewer known applications of rigidity upper bounds. In this paper, we use rigidity upper bounds to prove new upper bounds in a few different models of computation. Our results include: $\bullet$ For any $d> 1$, and over any field $\mathbb{F}$, the $N \times N$ Walsh-Hadamard transform has a depth-$d$ linear circuit of size $O(d \cdot N^{1 + 0.96/d})$. This circumvents a known lower bound of $Ω(d \cdot N^{1 + 1/d})$ for circuits with bounded coefficients over $\mathbb{C}$ by Pudlák (2000), by using coefficients of magnitude polynomial in $N$. Our construction also generalizes to linear transformations given by a Kronecker power of any fixed $2 \times 2$ matrix. $\bullet$ The $N \times N$ Walsh-Hadamard transform has a linear circuit of size $\leq (1.81 + o(1)) N \log_2 N$, improving on the bound of $\approx 1.88 N \log_2 N$ which one obtains from the standard fast Walsh-Hadamard transform. $\bullet$ A new rigidity upper bound, showing that the following classes of matrices are not rigid enough to prove circuit lower bounds using Valiant's approach: $-$ for any field $\mathbb{F}$ and any function $f : \{0,1\}^n \to \mathbb{F}$, the matrix $V_f \in \mathbb{F}^{2^n \times 2^n}$ given by, for any $x,y \in \{0,1\}^n$, $V_f[x,y] = f(x \wedge y)$, and $-$ for any field $\mathbb{F}$ and any fixed-size matrices $M_1, \ldots, M_n \in \mathbb{F}^{q \times q}$, the Kronecker product $M_1 \otimes M_2 \otimes \cdots \otimes M_n$. This generalizes recent results on non-rigidity, using a simpler approach which avoids needing the polynomial method.