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Arbitrary control over multimode wave propagation for mac...
[Submitted on 27 Feb 2024 (v1), last revised 11 Jun 2026 (this v · 2026-06-15 · via cs.LG updates on arXiv.org

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Abstract:Controlled multimode wave propagation can enable more space-efficient photonic processors than architectures based on discrete components connected by single-mode waveguides. Instead of defining discrete elements, one can sculpt the continuous substrate of a photonic processor to perform computations through multimode interference in two dimensions. Here we designed and demonstrated a device with a refractive index that can be rapidly reprogrammed across space, allowing arbitrary control of wave propagation. The device, a two-dimensional programmable waveguide, uses parallel electro-optic modulation of the refractive index of a slab waveguide with about $10^4$ programmable spatial degrees of freedom. We implemented neural network inference on benchmark tasks with up to $49$-dimensional vectors in a single pass, without digital pre-processing or post-processing. Theoretical and numerical analyses further indicated that two-dimensional programmable waveguides may offer not only a constant-factor reduction in device area but also a scaling benefit, with the area required growing as $N^{1.5}$ rather than $N^2$.

Submission history

From: Martin Stein [view email]
[v1] Tue, 27 Feb 2024 18:37:22 UTC (25,256 KB)
[v2] Thu, 11 Jun 2026 18:00:01 UTC (32,352 KB)