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Reinforcement Learning in the Real World: A Survey of Statistical Challenges and Future Directions
[Submitted on 21 Jan 2026 (v1), last revised 12 Jul 2026 (this v · 2026-01-21 · via cs.LG updates on arXiv.org

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Abstract:Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved remarkable success in real-world decision-making across diverse domains, including gaming, robotics, online advertising, public health, and natural language processing. Despite these advances, a substantial gap remains between RL research and its deployment in many practical settings. Two recurring challenges often underlie this gap. First, many settings offer limited opportunity for the agent to interact extensively with the target environment due to practical constraints. Second, many target environments often undergo substantial changes, requiring redesign and redeployment of RL systems (e.g., advancements in science and technology that change the landscape of healthcare delivery). Addressing these challenges and bridging the gap between basic research and application requires theory and methodology that directly inform the design, implementation, and continual improvement of RL systems in real-world settings.
In this paper, we frame the application of RL in practice as a three-component process: (i) online learning and optimization during deployment, (ii) post- or between-deployment offline analyses, and (iii) repeated cycles of deployment and redeployment to continually improve the RL system. We provide a narrative review of recent advances that address the statistical challenges arising across these three components, including methods for enhancing sample efficiency during online deployment, maximizing data utility for post- or between-deployment inference, and designing sequences of deployments for continual improvement. We also outline future research directions in RL that are use-inspired -- aiming for impactful application of RL in practice.

Submission history

From: Yongyi Guo [view email]
[v1] Wed, 21 Jan 2026 04:58:49 UTC (1,224 KB)
[v2] Sun, 12 Jul 2026 06:33:48 UTC (1,184 KB)

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