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cs.LG updates on arXiv.org

Memory-Guided Trust-Region Bayesian Optimization (MG-TuRBO) for High Dimensions EngageTriBoost: Predictive Modeling of User Engagement in Digital Mental Health Intervention Using Explainable Machine Learning Reservoir observer enhanced with residual calibration and attention mechanism Efficient RL Training for LLMs with Experience Replay Wireless Communication Enhanced Value Decomposition for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Adversarial Sensor Errors for Safe and Robust Wind Turbine Fleet Control IKKA: Inversion Classification via Critical Anomalies for Robust Visual Servoing Adaptive Simulation Experiment for LLM Policy Optimization EvoLen: Evolution-Guided Tokenization for DNA Language Model Smartwatch-Based Sitting Time Estimation in Real-World Office Settings Structural Evaluation Metrics for SVG Generation via Leave-One-Out Analysis Loom: A Scalable Analytical Neural Computer Architecture Spectral Geometry of LoRA Adapters Encodes Training Objective and Predicts Harmful Compliance Finite-Sample Analysis of Nonlinear Independent Component Analysis:Sample Complexity and Identifiability Bounds How does Chain of Thought decompose complex tasks? Uncertainty-Aware Transformers: Conformal Prediction for Language Models Adaptive Candidate Point Thompson Sampling for High-Dimensional Bayesian Optimization Using Synthetic Data for Machine Learning-based Childhood Vaccination Prediction in Narok, Kenya Delve into the Applicability of Advanced Optimizers for Multi-Task Learning Bridging SFT and RL: Dynamic Policy Optimization for Robust Reasoning Multi-Agent Decision-Focused Learning via Value-Aware Sequential Communication Predictive Entropy Links Calibration and Paraphrase Sensitivity in Medical Vision-Language Models Efficient Hierarchical Implicit Flow Q-learning for Offline Goal-conditioned Reinforcement Learning Modality-Aware Zero-Shot Pruning and Sparse Attention for Efficient Multimodal Edge Inference The nextAI Solution to the NeurIPS 2023 LLM Efficiency Challenge Feature-Label Modal Alignment for Robust Partial Multi-Label Learning Integrated electro-optic attention nonlinearities for transformers Toward World Models for Epidemiology Tracing the Chain: Deep Learning for Stepping-Stone Intrusion Detection Batch Distillation Data for Developing Machine Learning Anomaly Detection Methods
Label-Free Reinforcement Learning via Cross-Model Entropy
Matt Gorbett, Hossein Shirazi · 2026-05-28 · via cs.LG updates on arXiv.org

Post-training large language models with reinforcement learning is bottlenecked by the reward signal. Existing approaches require either ground-truth verifiable rewards, restricting training to domains with automatic correctness checks (e.g., mathematics, code execution), or human preference labels, which are expensive to collect and prone to reward hacking. Recent label-free methods replace ground-truth verifiers with self-referential signals like majority voting or token entropy over a model's own outputs, but risk reinforcing a model's own errors. In this work we propose Cross-Model Entropy (CME), the mean log-likelihood of a generator's response under a separate verifier model, as a label-free reward signal for RL post-training. CME is continuous, training-free, and grounded in the principle that responses a verifier finds unsurprising are likely correct or high quality. Because the verifier is independent of the generator, the signal cannot be gamed through self-consistency. We integrate CME into GRPO with no other changes to the training loop, extending label-free RL to open-ended instruction following -- a regime where self-referential signals are inapplicable or poorly suited. On open-ended instruction following (UltraFeedback prompts, evaluated on AlpacaEval 2.0), CME rewards beat the untrained base in head-to-head LLM-as-Judge comparisons across four model families (Qwen, Llama, Gemma, OLMo) and three training regimes (pretrained, SFT, and instruction-tuned), with tie-adjusted win rates ranging from 52.5% to 71.4%. Code will be released upon publication.