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uservec:    
	#
        # trap.c sets stvec to point here, so
        # traps from user space start here,
        # in supervisor mode, but with a
        # user page table.
        #
        # sscratch points to where the process's p->trapframe is
        # mapped into user space, at TRAPFRAME.
        #
        
	# swap a0 and sscratch
        # so that a0 is TRAPFRAME
        csrrw a0, sscratch, a0

        # save the user registers in TRAPFRAME
        sd ra, 40(a0)
        sd sp, 48(a0)
        sd gp, 56(a0)
        sd tp, 64(a0)
        sd t0, 72(a0)
        sd t1, 80(a0)
        sd t2, 88(a0)
        sd s0, 96(a0)
        sd s1, 104(a0)
        sd a1, 120(a0)
        sd a2, 128(a0)
        sd a3, 136(a0)
        sd a4, 144(a0)
        sd a5, 152(a0)
        sd a6, 160(a0)
        sd a7, 168(a0)
        sd s2, 176(a0)
        sd s3, 184(a0)
        sd s4, 192(a0)
        sd s5, 200(a0)
        sd s6, 208(a0)
        sd s7, 216(a0)
        sd s8, 224(a0)
        sd s9, 232(a0)
        sd s10, 240(a0)
        sd s11, 248(a0)
        sd t3, 256(a0)
        sd t4, 264(a0)
        sd t5, 272(a0)
        sd t6, 280(a0)

	# save the user a0 in p->trapframe->a0
        csrr t0, sscratch
        sd t0, 112(a0)

        # restore kernel stack pointer from p->trapframe->kernel_sp
        ld sp, 8(a0)

        # make tp hold the current hartid, from p->trapframe->kernel_hartid
        ld tp, 32(a0)

        # load the address of usertrap(), p->trapframe->kernel_trap
        ld t0, 16(a0)

        # restore kernel page table from p->trapframe->kernel_satp
        ld t1, 0(a0)
        csrw satp, t1
        sfence.vma zero, zero

        # a0 is no longer valid, since the kernel page
        # table does not specially map p->tf.

        # jump to usertrap(), which does not return
        jr t0

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int
copyout(pagetable_t pagetable, uint64 dstva, char *src, uint64 len)
{
  uint64 n, va0, pa0;

  while(len > 0){
    va0 = PGROUNDDOWN(dstva);
    pa0 = walkaddr(pagetable, va0);
    if(pa0 == 0)
      return -1;
    n = PGSIZE - (dstva - va0);
    if(n > len)
      n = len;
    memmove((void *)(pa0 + (dstva - va0)), src, n);

    len -= n;
    src += n;
    dstva = va0 + PGSIZE;
  }
  return 0;
}




int
copyin(pagetable_t pagetable, char *dst, uint64 srcva, uint64 len)
{
  uint64 n, va0, pa0;

  while(len > 0){
    va0 = PGROUNDDOWN(srcva);
    pa0 = walkaddr(pagetable, va0);
    if(pa0 == 0)
      return -1;
    n = PGSIZE - (srcva - va0);
    if(n > len)
      n = len;
    memmove(dst, (void *)(pa0 + (srcva - va0)), n);

    len -= n;
    dst += n;
    srcva = va0 + PGSIZE;
  }
  return 0;
}

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pagetable_t
kvmmake(void)
{
  pagetable_t kpgtbl;

  kpgtbl = (pagetable_t) kalloc();
  memset(kpgtbl, 0, PGSIZE);

  
  kvmmap(kpgtbl, UART0, UART0, PGSIZE, PTE_R | PTE_W);

  
  kvmmap(kpgtbl, VIRTIO0, VIRTIO0, PGSIZE, PTE_R | PTE_W);

  
  kvmmap(kpgtbl, PLIC, PLIC, 0x400000, PTE_R | PTE_W);

  
  kvmmap(kpgtbl, KERNBASE, KERNBASE, (uint64)etext-KERNBASE, PTE_R | PTE_X);

  
  kvmmap(kpgtbl, (uint64)etext, (uint64)etext, PHYSTOP-(uint64)etext, PTE_R | PTE_W);

  
  
  kvmmap(kpgtbl, TRAMPOLINE, (uint64)trampoline, PGSIZE, PTE_R | PTE_X);

  
  proc_mapstacks(kpgtbl);
  
  return kpgtbl;
}