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Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
Taming the Entropy Cliff: Variable Codebook Size Quantiza...
Bowen Zheng, Weijian Luo, Guang Yang, Colin Zhang, Tianyang Hu · 2026-05-07 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Most discrete visual tokenizers rely on a default design: every position in the sequence shares the same codebook. Researchers try to scale the codebook size $K$ to get better reconstruction performance. Such a constant-codebook design hits a fundamental information-theoretic limit. We observe that the per-position conditional entropy of the training set decays so quickly along the sequence that, after a few positions, the conditional distribution becomes essentially deterministic. On ImageNet with $K=16384$, this happens within only 2 out of 256 positions, turning the remaining 254 into a memorization problem. We call this phenomenon the Entropy Cliff and formalize it with a simple expression: $t^{*} = \lceil \log_2 N / \log_2 K \rceil$. Interestingly, this phenomenon is not observed in language, as its natural structure keeps the effective entropy per position well below the codebook capacity. To address this, we propose Variable Codebook Size Quantization (VCQ), where the codebook size $K_t$ grows monotonically along the sequence from $K_{\min}=2$ to $K_{\max}$, leaving the loss function, parameter count, and AR training procedure unchanged. With a vanilla autoregressive Transformer and standard next-token prediction, a base version of VCQ reduces gFID w/o CFG from 27.98 to 14.80 on ImageNet $256\times256$ over the baseline. Scaled up, it reaches gFID 1.71 with 684M autoregressive parameters, without any extra training techniques such as semantic regularization or causal alignment. The extreme information bottleneck at $K_{\min}=2$ naturally induces a coarse-to-fine semantic hierarchy: a linear probe on only the first 10 tokens reaches 43.8% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet, compared to 27.1% for uniform codebooks. Ultimately, these results show that what matters is not only the total capacity of the codebook, but also how that capacity is distributed and organized.