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cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
Investigating Anisotropy in Visual Grounding under Contro...
Gabriele Lombardo, Luigi Maiorana, Liliana Lo Presti, Marco La C · 2026-05-10 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Visual Grounding benchmarks assume that the object described by a referring expression is always present in the image, and grounding models are therefore rarely evaluated under semantically mismatched captions. In such cases, models frequently exhibit approximation behavior, producing a plausible bounding box that satisfies only part of the expression (\eg, preserving the original object while ignoring modified contextual cues). Because mismatched captions represent realistic edge cases, this behavior compromises reliability and raises concerns from an explainability perspective. Identifying its underlying causes is thus essential for improving model faithfulness and interpretability. Adopting a mechanistic interpretability viewpoint, this work examines whether embedding anisotropy contributes to counterfactual failures. A similarity-controlled counterfactual caption generation protocol is introduced to systematically perturb object or contextual components within predefined embedding similarity intervals, enabling a fine-grained analysis of grounding behavior as a function of alignment. Experiments on two Transformer-based models with markedly different embedding geometries (BERT-based TransVG and CLIP-based SwimVG) reveal no meaningful correlation between cosine similarity and approximation. These findings suggest that anisotropy alone does not account for counterfactual errors, and that robustness requires investigating finer-grained geometric properties of the embedding space.