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cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
A Policy-Driven Runtime Layer for Agentic LLM Serving
Rui Zhang, Chaeeun Kim, Liting Hu · 2026-05-27 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Multi-agent LLM systems have become the dominant production workload, but the serving stack was not built for them. The agent framework above knows agent identities, role, schemas, and dispatch structure but never sees an engine-level event; the serving engine below sees every event but knows nothing about agents. A surprising number of cross-cutting policies depend on both: prefix caching, batch shaping, speculative execution, fairness, tool-result memoization, safety enforcement, and more. Each lives in the seam between the two layers and is currently solved by a one-off patch into one neighbor or the other. We argue this seam is best addressed by an architectural change rather than point fixes: insert a third tier, an agent runtime layer, between the framework and the engine, exposing four primitives (observe, score, predict, act) into which any agent-aware policy plugs, with agent identity as the shared coordinate. We map nine concrete policies onto the layer and validate the abstraction in depth on the one with the largest immediate serving-cost lever: KV caching across sessions, instantiated as CacheSage, which learns the per-workload agent transition matrix online and uses it for survival-based eviction and between-step prefetch. Preliminary results on five real multi-agent workloads show +13 to +37 pp cache hit-rate lift, 12% to 29% lower mean TTFT, and 6% to 14% higher throughput over an unmodified serving stack.