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Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
Auditing Data Membership in Reinforcement Learning With V...
Yule Liu, Heyi Zhang, Jinyi Zheng, Zhen Sun, Zifan Peng, Jiaheng · 2025-11-18 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has become a core training stage in recent large language models (LLMs). Its reliance on non-public, high-value prompt sets raises concerns about unauthorized data use, creating a need for exposure auditing. A natural tool is membership inference attacks (MIAs), but existing methods detect fitting to a fixed target string. This does not apply to RLVR, which generates responses from the model itself and reinforces successful ones, thus hindering the auditing of data exposure. We show that it remains detectable: RLVR reshapes the model's response distribution on training prompts, producing behavioral traces that can be surfaced through targeted auditing. We propose Divergence-in-Behavior Auditing (DIBA), a white-box query-level auditing framework for RLVR. DIBA compares a fine-tuned model against its pre-RLVR checkpoint along two axes: reward-side evidence capturing changes in verifiable task success, and policy-side evidence capturing prompt-conditioned behavioral drift. By aggregating over multiple stochastic rollouts, DIBA produces a stable query-level auditing signal. Under a white-box setting, DIBA consistently outperforms strong transferred likelihood-based baselines, including calibrated and self-generated variants, achieving around 0.8 AUC and an order-of-magnitude stronger TPR@0.1%FPR. We further show that RLVR auditing is stronger when training leaves non-trivial prompt-specific traces and weaker when the base model already performs well on the prompt. Under a practical grey-box setting, transfer is often robust across model sizes under the same RLVR algorithm, but more varied across algorithms, and can remain useful under distribution shift with carefully chosen shadow data.