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cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
Lost in the Middle at Birth: An Exact Theory of Transform...
Borun D Chowdhury · 2026-03-11 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

The ``Lost in the Middle'' phenomenon -- a U-shaped performance curve where LLMs retrieve well from the beginning and end of a context but fail in the middle -- is widely attributed to learned Softmax artifacts or the distance-decay of positional encodings like RoPE. This paper makes a single, precise claim: \emph{the U-shape is already present at initialization, before any training or positional encoding takes effect.} It is an inherent geometric property of the causal decoder with residual connections. We model multi-layer causal attention as iterated powers of the Cesàro matrix and derive the exact closed-form influence density in the continuous limit. Causal masking forces a logarithmic divergence of gradient influence at the start of the prompt (the Primacy Tail), while residual connections create an isolated $\mathcal{O}(1)$ anchor at the final token (the Recency Delta). Between these extremes lies a factorial dead zone of order $\mathcal{O}(1/(H{-}1)!)$, where $H$ is the network depth, making middle-context retrieval and training structurally hostile. We validate empirically that untrained Qwen2 and GPT-2 architectures exhibit this U-shape at Step~0, and that it is identical with or without RoPE. Comparing initialized and pretrained networks, we show that standard training does not overcome the topological valley, confirming that the U-shape persists as an architectural baseline under standard pretraining objectives. We do not claim that this bias is insurmountable, nor that interventions such as RoPE modifications are useless. We establish what the baseline is and where it comes from, so that future efforts to overcome it can be precisely targeted.