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Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
An empirical study of LoRA-based fine-tuning of large lan...
Milad Moradi, Ke Yan, David Colwell, Rhona Asgari · 2026-04-08 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Automated test case generation from natural language requirements remains a challenging problem in software engineering due to the ambiguity of requirements and the need to produce structured, executable test artifacts. Recent advances in LLMs have shown promise in addressing this task; however, their effectiveness depends on task-specific adaptation and efficient fine-tuning strategies. In this paper, we present a comprehensive empirical study on the use of parameter-efficient fine-tuning, specifically LoRA, for requirement-based test case generation. We evaluate multiple LLM families, including open-source and proprietary models, under a unified experimental pipeline. The study systematically explores the impact of key LoRA hyperparameters, including rank, scaling factor, and dropout, on downstream performance. We propose an automated evaluation framework based on GPT-4o, which assesses generated test cases across nine quality dimensions. Experimental results demonstrate that LoRA-based fine-tuning significantly improves the performance of all open-source models, with Ministral-8B achieving the best results among them. Furthermore, we show that a fine-tuned 8B open-source model can achieve performance comparable to pre-fine-tuned GPT-4.1 models, highlighting the effectiveness of parameter-efficient adaptation. While GPT-4.1 models achieve the highest overall performance, the performance gap between proprietary and open-source models is substantially reduced after fine-tuning. These findings provide important insights into model selection, fine-tuning strategies, and evaluation methods for automated test generation. In particular, they demonstrate that cost-efficient, locally deployable open-source models can serve as viable alternatives to proprietary systems when combined with well-designed fine-tuning approaches.