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Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
$S^3$: Stratified Scaling Search for Test-Time in Diffusi...
Ahsan Bilal, Muhammad Ahmed Mohsin, Muhammad Umer, Asad Aali, Mu · 2026-04-07 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Test-time scaling investigates whether a fixed diffusion language model (DLM) can generate better outputs when given more inference compute, without additional training. However, naive best-of-$K$ sampling is fundamentally limited because it repeatedly draws from the same base diffusion distribution, whose high-probability regions are often misaligned with high-quality outputs. We propose $S^3$ (Stratified Scaling Search), a classical verifier-guided search method that improves generation by reallocating compute during the denoising process rather than only at the final output stage. At each denoising step, $S^3$ expands multiple candidate trajectories, evaluates them with a lightweight reference-free verifier, and selectively resamples promising candidates while preserving diversity within the search frontier. This procedure effectively approximates a reward-tilted sampling distribution that favors higher-quality outputs while remaining anchored to the model prior. Experiments with LLaDA-8B-Instruct on MATH-500, GSM8K, ARC-Challenge, and TruthfulQA demonstrate that $S^3$ consistently improves performance across benchmarks, achieving the largest gains on mathematical reasoning tasks while leaving the underlying model and decoding schedule unchanged. These results show that classical search over denoising trajectories provides a practical mechanism for test-time scaling in DLMs.