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cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
Subliminal Transfer of Unsafe Behaviors in AI Agent Disti...
Jacob Dang, Brian Y. Xie, Omar G. Younis · 2026-04-17 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Recent work on subliminal learning demonstrates that language models can transmit semantic traits through data that is semantically unrelated to those traits. However, it remains unclear whether behavioral traits can transfer in agentic systems, where policies are learned from trajectories rather than static text. In this work, we provide the first empirical evidence that unsafe agent behaviors can transfer subliminally through model distillation across two complementary experimental settings. In our primary setting, we construct a teacher agent exhibiting a strong deletion bias, a tendency to perform destructive file-system actions via an API-style tool interface, and distill it into a student using only trajectories from ostensibly safe tasks, with all explicit deletion keywords rigorously filtered. In our secondary setting, we replicate the threat model in a native Bash environment, replacing API tool calls with shell commands and operationalizing the bias as a preference for issuing chmod as the first permission-related command over semantically equivalent alternatives such as chown or setfacl. Despite full keyword sanitation in both settings, students inherit measurable behavioral biases. In the API setting the student's deletion rate reaches 100% (versus a 5% baseline) under homogeneous distillation; in the Bash setting the student's chmod-first rate reaches 30%-55% (versus a 0%-10% baseline), with the strongest transfer observed in large-to-small distillation. Our results demonstrate that explicit data sanitation is an insufficient defense, and behavioral biases are encoded implicitly in trajectory dynamics regardless of the tool interface.