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Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
Forward-Only Convolutional Neural Networks with Learnable...
Mohammadnavid Ghader, Saeed Reza Kheradpisheh, Bahar Farahani, M · 2026-06-07 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

The Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm offers a biologically inspired alternative to backpropagation by replacing gradient-based credit assignment with local, forward-only objectives. While recent extensions have adapted FF to convolutional neural networks (CNNs), existing formulations rely on static channel-class partitions and struggle to perform effectively in complex tasks. In this work, we introduce a learnable channel-class assignment mechanism that enables adaptive, data-driven specialization of convolutional channels, supported by entropy and orthogonality regularization to promote learning performance. We further propose a loss-aware layer contribution strategy that adaptively weights intermediate-layer predictions based on their validation performance, enhancing the effectiveness of forward-only inference. Integrated into residual CNNs, the proposed method achieves consistently superior performance across CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and Tiny-ImageNet compared to existing similar forward-only methods. Notably, it establishes new state-of-the-art performance among FF-based models, substantially narrowing the gap with backpropagation. These findings demonstrate that introducing learnable channel specialization and layer contribution weighting significantly enhances the representational capacity of forward-only learning in deep CNNs.