On Tuesday NASA revealed the four astronauts who will crew its upcoming Artemis III mission—the agency’s critical next step toward landing humans back on the moon for the first time in more than 50 years.

The four astronauts who will fly on the mission, currently slated for 2027, are NASA astronauts Andre Douglas, Frank Rubio, and Randy Bresnik and European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano.

Douglas is a spaceflight rookie who will serve as mission specialist alongside Rubio, who holds the record for the American with the longest spaceflight. Parmitano will be Artemis III’s pilot, and Bresnik will be mission commander. Should any of the four need to pull out of the mission, there is a back-up crew member: NASA astronaut Bob Hines.

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According to NASA’s official timeline, Artemis III could launch as early as the second half of 2027, but many experts expect that schedule to slip. Originally conceived as the first U.S. crewed moon landing since 1972’s Apollo 17, NASA overhauled the mission’s scope earlier this year to make it a test flight in low-Earth orbit. There the four astronauts will seek to rendezvous NASA’s Orion crew capsule with two separate Human Landing System (HLS) vehicles. In future Artemis missions, such HLS spacecraft will ferry crews from lunar orbit to the surface of the moon and back.

“Artemis III is an incredibly exciting, complicated and highly coordinated multilaunch campaign. It’s going to happen in a short period of time with three of the world’s most powerful rockets,” said Jeremy Parsons, acting assistant deputy associate administrator for NASA’s Moon to Mars Program Office, at Tuesday’s announcement.

The mission will begin with the launch of Blue Origin’s lander test vehicle, which Parsons said can “loiter” in space for up to 90 days. The crew will launch inside the Orion capsule via the space agency’s Space Launch System rocket. Then they will orbit in a circular trajectory around Earth before they attempt to rendezvous the Orion capsule with the Blue Origin lander. The paired spacecraft will spend around two days together, enabling technology demonstrations and tests—including inside the Blue Origin spacecraft, Parsons said.

After that, the Orion capsule will detach from the Blue Origin spacecraft and perform a similar meetup and demonstration with a version of SpaceX’s Starship.

“This gives our teams key information on systems the lunar lander crew will depend on an environment close to home versus four plus days away around the moon,” Parsons said. “This mission is deliberately designed to take calculated risks so that future crews will be safer and ultimately successful when we put boots on the lunar surface.”

During their mission, the crew will spend around two weeks inside their Orion capsule—about four days more than their predecessors did in April’s Artemis II mission, a nearly 10-day voyage that took four other astronauts looping around the moon’s farside.

Artemis III’s objectives also include a space walk and other tests of the agency’s latest space suits, which are being designed and made by the aerospace company Axiom Space and the fashion firm Prada. The basic outline is similar in sequence and scope to Apollo 9, a 1969 mission that was a critical precursor to Apollo 11, the first-ever human moon landing, later that year and that was itself preceded by 1968’s moon-orbiting Apollo 8.

For now, NASA’s human return to the moon is planned for 2028 via the Artemis IV mission. At the Tuesday event, NASA chief Jared Isaacman said that Artemis III will be critical to getting into the rhythm necessary to make Artemis IV and future moon missions achievable.

The Artemis III crew “are carrying, carrying forward the hopes and dreams of the next generation, just as the Apollo astronauts did for so many of us,” Isaacman said. “When [astronaut] Gene Cernan left the lunar surface on Apollo 17, he said, ‘We leave as we came, and God willing, we shall return with peace and hope for all mankind.’ Now it’s taken a little bit longer than he may have imagined, but we are returning, and we do so with the experience of Apollo, the lessons of Artemis II, the crew, now, of Artemis III, and the promise of what lies ahead and our collective effort to build out humanity’s first outpost on another world.”

Both SpaceX and Blue Origin are vying to supply the HLS; SpaceX’s lander is a variant of its enormous Starship rocket, which has yet to fully reach Earth orbit despite a dozen test flights. Blue Origin’s HLS contribution is its in-development Blue Moon lander, which would lift off on the company’s huge New Glenn rocket. That latter plan, however, suffered a major setback after a New Glenn exploded—destroying some of Blue Origin’s mission-critical infrastructure—during testing on the company’s launchpad on May 28. The company’s CEO David Limp has vowed that New Glenn will return to flight before the end of this year—a sentiment echoed on Tuesday by John Couluris, Blue Origin’s senior vice president of lunar permanence.

Even if both companies manage to meet those ambitious deadlines in time for Artemis III, other hurdles remain. To actually get crews to the lunar surface and back, Starship and Blue Moon alike would require in-space refueling—a scarcely tested maneuver that carries significant risks and the possibility of further delays. At the same event on Tuesday, SpaceX’s vice president of customer operations and integration Jessica Jensen said the company will attempt a fuel transfer in space later this year. SpaceX CEO Elon Musk is targeting late 2026 for Starship’s next launch.

Artemis III won’t test refueling even under ideal circumstances, which suggests that capability will require further uncrewed test flights of both HLS systems before either one can be used for a crewed lunar return.

“Let me assure you, NASA is taking an active role with all of our partners, contractors and vendors to help solve the problems that are here today and ensure the right outcomes are achieved,” Parsons said.

Jensen said SpaceX is planning to use a Starship V3 with a docking mod borrowed from its Crew Dragon capsule, which SpaceX uses to ferry NASA astronauts to the International Space Station, for Artemis III. The firm is also building a Starship HLS cabin at its Starbase site in Texas to further test its systems on Earth before a moon landing.

Isaacman said that NASA will release a further update on its moon base plans in the coming weeks.