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线程生命周期开始于 System.Threading.Thread 类的对象被创建时，结束于线程被终止或完成执行时。

下面列出了线程生命周期中的各种状态：

• 未启动状态：当线程实例被创建但 Start 方法未被调用时的状况。
• 就绪状态：当线程准备好运行并等待 CPU 周期时的状况。
• 不可运行状态：下面的几种情况下线程是不可运行的：
  • 已经调用 Sleep 方法
  • 已经调用 Wait 方法
  • 通过 I/O 操作阻塞
• 死亡状态：当线程已完成执行或已中止时的状况。

1、Task的优势

ThreadPool相比Thread来说具备了很多优势，但是ThreadPool却又存在一些使用上的不方便。比如：

• ThreadPool不支持线程的取消、完成、失败通知等交互性操作；
• ThreadPool不支持线程执行的先后次序；

以往，如果开发者要实现上述功能，需要完成很多额外的工作，现在，FCL中提供了一个功能更强大的概念：Task。Task在线程池的基础上进行了优化，并提供了更多的API。在FCL4.0中，如果我们要编写多线程程序，Task显然已经优于传统的方式。以下是一个简单的任务示例：

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    Task t = new Task(() =>
    {
        Console.WriteLine("任务开始工作……");
        

2、Task的用法

2.1 创建任务

2.1.1 无返回值的方式

方式1:

var t1 = new Task(() => TaskMethod("Task 1"));
t1.Start();
Task.WaitAll(t1);//等待所有任务结束 

任务的状态：Start之前为Created，之后为WaitingToRun

方式2:

Task.Run(() => TaskMethod("Task 2"));

方式3:

Task.Factory.StartNew(() => TaskMethod("Task 3")); //直接异步的方法 
//或者
var t3=Task.Factory.StartNew(() => TaskMethod("Task 3"));
Task.WaitAll(t3);

任务的状态：Start之前为Running，之后为Running

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    var t1 = new Task(() => TaskMethod("Task 1"));
    var t2 = new Task(() => TaskMethod("Task 2"));
    t2.Start();
    t1.Start();
    Task.WaitAll(t1, t2);
    Task.Run(() => TaskMethod("Task 3"));
    Task.Factory.StartNew(() => TaskMethod("Task 4"));
    

async/await的实现方式

using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    class Program
    {
        async static void AsyncFunction()
        {
            await Task.Delay(1);
            Console.WriteLine("使用`System.Threading.Tasks.Task`执行异步操作.");
            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(string.Format("AsyncFunction:i={0}", i));
            }
        }

        public static void Main()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("主线程执行业务处理.");
            AsyncFunction();
            Console.WriteLine("主线程执行其他处理");
            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(string.Format("Main:i={0}", i));
            }
            Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }
}

2.1.2 带返回值的方式

方式4:

Task<int> task = CreateTask("Task 1");
task.Start(); 
int result = task.Result;

using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    class Program
    {
        static Task<int> CreateTask(string name)
        {
            return new Task<int>(() => TaskMethod(name));
        }

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            TaskMethod("Main Thread Task");
            Task<int> task = CreateTask("Task 1");
            task.Start();
            int result = task.Result;
            Console.WriteLine("Task 1 Result is: {0}", result);

            task = CreateTask("Task 2"); 
            task.RunSynchronously(); 

using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApp1
{
    class Program
    {
        public static void Main()
        {
            var ret1 = AsyncGetsum();
            Console.WriteLine("主线程执行其他处理");
            for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
                Console.WriteLine("Call Main()");
            int result = ret1.Result;                  

2.2、组合任务ContinueWith

2.2.1 简单Demo

public static void Main()
{
    

2.2.2 任务的串行

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    ConcurrentStack<int> stack = new ConcurrentStack<int>();

    

2.2.3 子任务

public static void Main()
{
    Task<string[]> parent = new Task<string[]>(state =>
    {
        Console.WriteLine(state);
        string[] result = new string[2];
        

2.2.4 动态并行

TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent父任务等待所有子任务完成后整个任务才算完成

class Node
{
    public Node Left { get; set; }
    public Node Right { get; set; }
    public string Text { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
    static Node GetNode()
    {
        Node root = new Node
        {
            Left = new Node
            {
                Left = new Node{ Text = "L-L" },
                Right = new Node{ Text = "L-R" },
                Text = "L"
            },
            Right = new Node
            {
                Left = new Node{ Text = "R-L" },
                Right = new Node{ Text = "R-R" },
                Text = "R"
            },
            Text = "Root"
        };
        return root;
    }

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Node root = GetNode();
        DisplayTree(root);
    }

    static void DisplayTree(Node root)
    {
        var task = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => DisplayNode(root),
                                        CancellationToken.None,
                                        TaskCreationOptions.None,
                                        TaskScheduler.Default);
        task.Wait();
    }

    static void DisplayNode(Node current)
    {

        if (current.Left != null)
            Task.Factory.StartNew(() => DisplayNode(current.Left),
                                        CancellationToken.None,
                                        TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent,
                                        TaskScheduler.Default);
        if (current.Right != null)
            Task.Factory.StartNew(() => DisplayNode(current.Right),
                                        CancellationToken.None,
                                        TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent,
                                        TaskScheduler.Default);
        Console.WriteLine("当前节点的值为{0};处理的ThreadId={1}", current.Text, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
    }
}

2.3、取消任务CancellationTokenSource

private static int TaskMethod(string name, int seconds, CancellationToken token)
{
    Console.WriteLine("Task {0} 正在运行,当前线程id {1}. Is thread pool thread: {2}",
        name, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);
    for (int i = 0; i < seconds; i++)
    {
        Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
        if (token.IsCancellationRequested) return -1;
    }
    return 42 * seconds;
}

private static void Main(string[] args)
{
    var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
    var longTask = new Task<int>(() => TaskMethod("Task 1", 10, cts.Token), cts.Token);
    Console.WriteLine(longTask.Status);
    cts.Cancel();
    Console.WriteLine(longTask.Status);
    Console.WriteLine("第一个任务在执行前已被取消");
    cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
    longTask = new Task<int>(() => TaskMethod("Task 2", 10, cts.Token), cts.Token);
    longTask.Start();
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
    {
        Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.5));
        Console.WriteLine(longTask.Status);
    }
    cts.Cancel();
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
    {
        Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.5));
        Console.WriteLine(longTask.Status);
    }

    Console.WriteLine("任务已完成,结果为 {0}.", longTask.Result);
}

2.4、处理任务中的异常

2.4.1 单个任务

static int TaskMethod(string name, int seconds)
{
    Console.WriteLine("Task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. Is thread pool thread: {2}",
        name, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);
    Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds));
    throw new Exception("Boom!");
    return 42 * seconds;
}

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    try
    {
        Task<int> task = Task.Run(() => TaskMethod("Task 2", 2));
        int result = task.GetAwaiter().GetResult();
        Console.WriteLine("Result: {0}", result);
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Task 2 Exception caught: {0}", ex.Message);
    }
    Console.WriteLine("----------------------------------------------");
    Console.ReadLine();
}

2.4.2 多个任务

static int TaskMethod(string name, int seconds)
{
    Console.WriteLine("Task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. Is thread pool thread: {2}",
        name, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);
    Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds));
    throw new Exception(string.Format("Task {0} Boom!", name));
    return 42 * seconds;
}

public static void Main(string[] args)
{
    try
    {
        var t1 = new Task<int>(() => TaskMethod("Task 3", 3));
        var t2 = new Task<int>(() => TaskMethod("Task 4", 2));
        var complexTask = Task.WhenAll(t1, t2);
        var exceptionHandler = complexTask.ContinueWith(t =>
                Console.WriteLine("Result: {0}", t.Result),
                TaskContinuationOptions.OnlyOnFaulted
            );
        t1.Start();
        t2.Start();
        Task.WaitAll(t1, t2);
    }
    catch (AggregateException ex)
    {
        ex.Handle(exception =>
        {
            Console.WriteLine(exception.Message);
            return true;
        });
    }
}

2.4.3 async/await的方式

class Program
{
    static async Task ThrowNotImplementedExceptionAsync()
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }

    static async Task ThrowInvalidOperationExceptionAsync()
    {
        throw new InvalidOperationException();
    }

    static async Task Normal()
    {
        await Fun();
    }

    static Task Fun()
    {
        return Task.Run(() =>
        {
            for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("i={0}", i);
                Thread.Sleep(200);
            }
        });
    }

    static async Task ObserveOneExceptionAsync()
    {
        var task1 = ThrowNotImplementedExceptionAsync();
        var task2 = ThrowInvalidOperationExceptionAsync();
        var task3 = Normal();
        try
        {
            Task allTasks = Task.WhenAll(task1, task2, task3); 

2.5、Task.FromResult的应用

class Program
{
    static IDictionary<string, string> cache = new Dictionary<string, string>()
    {
        {"0001","A"}, {"0002","B"}, {"0003","C"},
        {"0004","D"}, {"0005","E"}, {"0006","F"}
    };

    public static void Main()
    {
        Task<string> task = GetValueFromCache("0006");
        Console.WriteLine("主程序继续执行。。。。");
        string result = task.Result;
        Console.WriteLine("result={0}", result);
    }

    private static Task<string> GetValueFromCache(string key)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("GetValueFromCache开始执行。。。。");
        string result = string.Empty;
        

2.6、使用IProgress实现异步编程的进程通知

IProgress<in T>只提供了一个方法void Report(T value)，通过Report方法把一个T类型的值报告给IProgress，然后IProgress<in T>的实现类Progress<in T>的构造函数接收类型为Action<T>的形参，通过这个委托让进度显示在UI界面中。

class Program
{
    static void DoProcessing(IProgress<int> progress)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i <= 100; ++i)
        {
            Thread.Sleep(100);
            if (progress != null)
            {
                progress.Report(i);
            }
        }
    }

    static async Task Display()
    {
        

2.7、Factory.FromAsync的应用

简APM模式（委托）转换为任务，BeginXXX和EndXXX

2.7.1 带回调方式的

class Program
{
    private delegate string AsynchronousTask(string threadName);
    private static string Test(string threadName)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("开始...");
        Console.WriteLine("线程池是线程吗: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);
        Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
        Thread.CurrentThread.Name = threadName;
        return string.Format("线程名称: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.Name);
    }

    private static void Callback(IAsyncResult ar)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("开始一个回调...");
        Console.WriteLine("传递给callbak的状态: {0}", ar.AsyncState);
        Console.WriteLine("线程池是线程吗: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);
        Console.WriteLine("线程池工作线程id: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
    }

    

2.7.2 不带回调方式的

class Program
{
    private delegate string AsynchronousTask(string threadName);
    private static string Test(string threadName)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("开始...");
        Console.WriteLine("线程池是线程吗: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);
        Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
        Thread.CurrentThread.Name = threadName;
        return string.Format("线程名称: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.Name);
    }

    

2.7.3 Task启动带参数和返回值的函数任务

方法1

private int MyTest(object i)
{
    this.Invoke(new Action(() =>
    {
        pictureBox1.Visible = true;
    }));
    System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(3000);
    MessageBox.Show("hello:" + i);
    this.Invoke(new Action(() =>
    {
        pictureBox1.Visible = false;
    }));
    return 0;
}

private void Call()
{
    

方法2

private async Task<int> MyTest(object i)
{
    this.Invoke(new Action(() =>
    {
        pictureBox1.Visible = true;
    }));

    HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
    var a = await client.GetAsync("http://www.baidu.com");
    Task<string> s = a.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
    MessageBox.Show (s.Result);
    this.Invoke(new Action(() =>
    {
        pictureBox1.Visible = false;
    }));
    return 0;
}

async private void Call()
{
    object i = 55;
    var t = Task<Task<int>>.Factory.StartNew(new Func<object, Task<int>>(MyTest), i);
}

方法3

private async void MyTest()
{
    this.Invoke(new Action(() =>
    {
        pictureBox1.Visible = true;
    }));
    HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
    var a = await client.GetAsync("http://www.baidu.com");
    Task<string> s = a.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
    MessageBox.Show (s.Result);
    this.Invoke(new Action(() =>
    {
        pictureBox1.Visible = false;
    }));
}

private void Call()
{
    var t = Task.Run(new Action(MyTest));