一个 Agent 干不完怎么办？

Java实现代码

public class AgentTeamsSystem {
    // --- 配置 ---
    private static final Path WORKDIR = Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.dir"));
    private static final Path TEAM_DIR = WORKDIR.resolve(".team");
    private static final Path INBOX_DIR = TEAM_DIR.resolve("inbox");
    private static final Gson gson = new GsonBuilder().setPrettyPrinting().create();
    
    // 有效消息类型
    private static final Set<String> VALID_MSG_TYPES = Set.of(
        "message", "broadcast", "shutdown_request", 
        "shutdown_response", "plan_approval_response"
    );
    
    // --- 消息系统（MessageBus）---
    static class MessageBus {
        private final Path inboxDir;
        
        public MessageBus(Path inboxDir) {
            this.inboxDir = inboxDir;
            try {
                Files.createDirectories(inboxDir);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Failed to create inbox directory", e);
            }
        }
        
        /**
         * 发送消息到指定智能体
         */
        public String send(String sender, String to, String content, 
                          String msgType, Map<String, Object> extra) {
            if (!VALID_MSG_TYPES.contains(msgType)) {
                return String.format("Error: Invalid type '%s'. Valid: %s", 
                    msgType, String.join(", ", VALID_MSG_TYPES));
            }
            
            Map<String, Object> message = new LinkedHashMap<>();
            message.put("type", msgType);
            message.put("from", sender);
            message.put("content", content);
            message.put("timestamp", System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000.0);
            
            if (extra != null) {
                message.putAll(extra);
            }
            
            Path inboxPath = inboxDir.resolve(to + ".jsonl");
            try {
                String jsonLine = gson.toJson(message) + "\n";
                Files.writeString(inboxPath, jsonLine, 
                    StandardOpenOption.CREATE, StandardOpenOption.APPEND);
                
                return String.format("Sent %s to %s", msgType, to);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                return "Error: " + e.getMessage();
            }
        }
        
        /**
         * 读取并清空邮箱
         */
        public List<Map<String, Object>> readInbox(String name) {
            Path inboxPath = inboxDir.resolve(name + ".jsonl");
            if (!Files.exists(inboxPath)) {
                return new ArrayList<>();
            }
            
            try {
                List<Map<String, Object>> messages = new ArrayList<>();
                List<String> lines = Files.readAllLines(inboxPath);
                
                for (String line : lines) {
                    if (!line.trim().isEmpty()) {
                        Type type = new TypeToken<Map<String, Object>>(){}.getType();
                        Map<String, Object> message = gson.fromJson(line, type);
                        messages.add(message);
                    }
                }
                
                // 清空邮箱（消费模式）
                Files.writeString(inboxPath, "");
                
                return messages;
            } catch (IOException e) {
                return new ArrayList<>();
            }
        }
        
        /**
         * 广播消息到所有队友
         */
        public String broadcast(String sender, String content, List<String> teammates) {
            int count = 0;
            for (String name : teammates) {
                if (!name.equals(sender)) {
                    send(sender, name, content, "broadcast");
                    count++;
                }
            }
            return String.format("Broadcast to %d teammates", count);
        }
    }
    
    // 初始化消息总线
    private static final MessageBus BUS = new MessageBus(INBOX_DIR);
    
    // --- 智能体管理器（TeammateManager）---
    static class TeammateManager {
        private final Path teamDir;
        private final Path configPath;
        private Map<String, Object> config;
        private final Map<String, Thread> threads = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
        private final Map<String, AtomicBoolean> stopFlags = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
        
        public TeammateManager(Path teamDir) {
            this.teamDir = teamDir;
            this.configPath = teamDir.resolve("config.json");
            loadConfig();
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        private void loadConfig() {
            try {
                if (Files.exists(configPath)) {
                    String content = Files.readString(configPath);
                    Type type = new TypeToken<Map<String, Object>>(){}.getType();
                    this.config = gson.fromJson(content, type);
                } else {
                    this.config = new HashMap<>();
                    config.put("team_name", "default");
                    config.put("members", new ArrayList<Map<String, Object>>());
                    saveConfig();
                }
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Failed to load team config", e);
            }
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public String spawn(String name, String role, String prompt) {
            Map<String, Object> member = findMember(name);
            
            if (member != null) {
                String status = (String) member.get("status");
                if (!"idle".equals(status) && !"shutdown".equals(status)) {
                    return String.format("Error: '%s' is currently %s", name, status);
                }
                member.put("status", "working");
                member.put("role", role);
            } else {
                member = new LinkedHashMap<>();
                member.put("name", name);
                member.put("role", role);
                member.put("status", "working");
                ((List<Map<String, Object>>) config.get("members")).add(member);
            }
            
            saveConfig();
            
            // 停止之前的线程（如果存在）
            if (threads.containsKey(name)) {
                stopFlags.get(name).set(true);
                try {
                    threads.get(name).join(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
                }
            }
            
            // 创建新的停止标志
            AtomicBoolean stopFlag = new AtomicBoolean(false);
            stopFlags.put(name, stopFlag);
            
            // 创建并启动新线程
            Thread thread = new Thread(() -> teammateLoop(name, role, prompt, stopFlag), 
                                     "Teammate-" + name);
            thread.setDaemon(true);
            threads.put(name, thread);
            thread.start();
            
            return String.format("Spawned '%s' (role: %s)", name, role);
        }
        
        private void teammateLoop(String name, String role, String prompt, AtomicBoolean stopFlag) {
            String systemPrompt = String.format(
                "You are '%s', role: %s, at %s. " +
                "Use send_message to communicate. Complete your task.",
                name, role, WORKDIR
            );
            
            List<Map<String, Object>> messages = new ArrayList<>();
            messages.add(Map.of("role", "user", "content", prompt));
            
            // 最大迭代次数限制
            for (int i = 0; i < 50 && !stopFlag.get(); i++) {
                try {
                    // 检查邮箱
                    List<Map<String, Object>> inbox = BUS.readInbox(name);
                    for (Map<String, Object> msg : inbox) {
                        messages.add(Map.of("role", "user", "content", gson.toJson(msg)));
                    }
                    
                    // 模拟调用 LLM
                    Map<String, Object> response = simulateTeammateLLMCall(systemPrompt, messages, name);
                    
                    if (response == null || "end_turn".equals(response.get("stop_reason"))) {
                        break;
                    }
                    
                    // ... 执行工具调用
                    
                    // 短暂休眠，避免 CPU 过度使用
                    Thread.sleep(100);
                    
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    System.err.printf("[%s] Error: %s%n", name, e.getMessage());
                    break;
                }
            }
            
            // 更新状态
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            Map<String, Object> member = findMember(name);
            if (member != null && !"shutdown".equals(member.get("status"))) {
                member.put("status", "idle");
                saveConfig();
            }
            
            threads.remove(name);
            stopFlags.remove(name);
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public String listAll() {
            List<Map<String, Object>> members = (List<Map<String, Object>>) config.get("members");
            if (members.isEmpty()) {
                return "No teammates.";
            }
            
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            sb.append("Team: ").append(config.get("team_name")).append("\n");
            
            for (Map<String, Object> member : members) {
                sb.append(String.format("  %s (%s): %s%n", 
                    member.get("name"),
                    member.get("role"),
                    member.get("status")
                ));
            }
            
            return sb.toString().trim();
        }
        
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public List<String> memberNames() {
            List<Map<String, Object>> members = (List<Map<String, Object>>) config.get("members");
            return members.stream()
                .map(m -> (String) m.get("name"))
                .collect(Collectors.toList());
        }
        
        /**
         * 获取活动成员数量
         */
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public int getActiveCount() {
            List<Map<String, Object>> members = (List<Map<String, Object>>) config.get("members");
            int count = 0;
            for (Map<String, Object> member : members) {
                if ("working".equals(member.get("status"))) {
                    count++;
                }
            }
            return count;
        }
    }
    
    // 初始化智能体管理器
    private static final TeammateManager TEAM_MANAGER = new TeammateManager(TEAM_DIR);
    
    // --- 工具枚举 ---
    public enum ToolType {
        BASH("bash", "Run a shell command."),
        READ_FILE("read_file", "Read file contents."),
        WRITE_FILE("write_file", "Write content to file."),
        EDIT_FILE("edit_file", "Replace exact text in file."),
        SPAWN_TEAMMATE("spawn_teammate", "Spawn a persistent teammate that runs in its own thread."),  // 新增
        LIST_TEAMMATES("list_teammates", "List all teammates with name, role, status."),  // 新增
        SEND_MESSAGE("send_message", "Send a message to a teammate's inbox."),  // 新增
        READ_INBOX("read_inbox", "Read and drain the lead's inbox."),  // 新增
        BROADCAST("broadcast", "Send a message to all teammates.");  // 新增
        public final String name;
        public final String description;
        ToolType(String name, String description) { this.name = name; this.description = description; }
    }

    // --- 工具处理器映射 ---
    private static final Map<String, ToolExecutor> TOOL_HANDLERS = new HashMap<>();
    
    static {
        // ... 省略基础工具注册
        
        // 团队管理工具
        TOOL_HANDLERS.put(ToolType.SPAWN_TEAMMATE.name, args -> {
            String name = (String) args.get("name");
            String role = (String) args.get("role");
            String prompt = (String) args.get("prompt");
            return TEAM_MANAGER.spawn(name, role, prompt);
        });
        
        TOOL_HANDLERS.put(ToolType.LIST_TEAMMATES.name, args -> {
            return TEAM_MANAGER.listAll();
        });
        
        TOOL_HANDLERS.put(ToolType.SEND_MESSAGE.name, args -> {
            String to = (String) args.get("to");
            String content = (String) args.get("content");
            String msgType = (String) args.get("msg_type");
            if (msgType == null) msgType = "message";
            return BUS.send("lead", to, content, msgType);
        });
        
        TOOL_HANDLERS.put(ToolType.READ_INBOX.name, args -> {
            List<Map<String, Object>> inbox = BUS.readInbox("lead");
            return gson.toJson(inbox);
        });
        
        TOOL_HANDLERS.put(ToolType.BROADCAST.name, args -> {
            String content = (String) args.get("content");
            return BUS.broadcast("lead", content, TEAM_MANAGER.memberNames());
        });
    }
    
    // --- Agent 主循环（领导智能体）---
    public static void agentLoop(List<Map<String, Object>> messages) {
        while (true) {
            try {
                // 检查领导邮箱
                List<Map<String, Object>> inbox = BUS.readInbox("lead");
                if (!inbox.isEmpty()) {
                    String inboxJson = gson.toJson(inbox);
                    messages.add(Map.of(
                        "role", "user",
                        "content", "<inbox>" + inboxJson + "</inbox>"
                    ));
                    
                    messages.add(Map.of(
                        "role", "assistant",
                        "content", "Noted inbox messages."
                    ));
                    // 邮箱自动注入：自动检查并注入收到的消息
                    // 结构化格式：用XML标签包裹，便于LLM解析
                }
                
                // 显示团队状态
                int activeCount = TEAM_MANAGER.getActiveCount();
                if (activeCount > 0) {
                    System.out.printf("[Active teammates: %d]%n", activeCount);
                }
                
                // ... 省略相同的 LLM 调用和工具执行逻辑
                
            } catch (Exception e) {
                System.err.println("Error in agent loop: " + e.getMessage());
                e.printStackTrace();
                return;
            }
        }
    }
}

这段代码引入了智能体团队系统，实现了多个 Agent 之间的协作

核心思想：持久队友 + 异步邮箱。

什么是持久队友（Persistent Teammates）？它们是长期存活、有身份意识的 Agent，通过基于文件的邮箱（JSONL 格式）异步通信，能够处理跨越单个执行周期的复杂任务委托。

多智能体系统架构

核心思想：从单智能体系统升级为多智能体协作系统，引入分布式、角色化、可通信的智能体团队，实现复杂的协同工作流和分布式问题解决。

// 系统配置
private static final Path TEAM_DIR = WORKDIR.resolve(".team");
private static final Path INBOX_DIR = TEAM_DIR.resolve("inbox");
// 团队持久化：.team目录存储团队配置
// 消息传递：inbox子目录实现智能体间通信
// 文件系统基础：通过文件系统实现简单的分布式通信

• 多智能体协同：多个智能体可以并行工作，协同解决问题
• 角色化分工：不同智能体担任不同角色，专业化分工
• 持久化团队：团队配置和状态可以持久化保存
• 去中心化通信：基于文件系统的轻量级消息传递

消息总线系统（MessageBus）

// 消息总线 - 智能体间通信基础设施
static class MessageBus {
    private final Path inboxDir;
    // 文件系统邮箱：每个智能体一个jsonl文件
    // 异步通信：发送方不阻塞，接收方主动拉取
    // 松耦合：智能体间通过邮箱解耦
    
    /**
     * 发送消息到指定智能体
     */
    public String send(String sender, String to, String content, 
                      String msgType, Map<String, Object> extra) {
        if (!VALID_MSG_TYPES.contains(msgType)) {
            return String.format("Error: Invalid type '%s'. Valid: %s", 
                msgType, String.join(", ", VALID_MSG_TYPES));
        }
        // 消息类型验证：确保消息结构符合协议
        
        Map<String, Object> message = new LinkedHashMap<>();
        message.put("type", msgType);
        message.put("from", sender);
        message.put("content", content);
        message.put("timestamp", System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000.0);
        // 结构化消息：类型、发送方、内容、时间戳
        // 可扩展：支持额外字段
        
        Path inboxPath = inboxDir.resolve(to + ".jsonl");
        try {
            String jsonLine = gson.toJson(message) + "\n";
            Files.writeString(inboxPath, jsonLine, 
                StandardOpenOption.CREATE, StandardOpenOption.APPEND);
            // 追加写入：支持多条消息
            // JSONL格式：每行一个JSON对象，便于处理
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 读取并清空邮箱
     */
    public List<Map<String, Object>> readInbox(String name) {
        Path inboxPath = inboxDir.resolve(name + ".jsonl");
        if (!Files.exists(inboxPath)) {
            return new ArrayList<>();
        }
        
        try {
            List<Map<String, Object>> messages = new ArrayList<>();
            List<String> lines = Files.readAllLines(inboxPath);
            
            for (String line : lines) {
                if (!line.trim().isEmpty()) {
                    Type type = new TypeToken<Map<String, Object>>(){}.getType();
                    Map<String, Object> message = gson.fromJson(line, type);
                    messages.add(message);
                }
            }
            
            // 清空邮箱（消费模式）
            Files.writeString(inboxPath, "");
            // 消费一次：消息被读取后清空，避免重复处理
            // 确保每个消息只被处理一次
            
            return messages;
        }
    }
}

• 异步通信：发送和接收解耦，不阻塞发送方
• 文件系统存储：简单可靠，支持进程间通信
• 结构化消息：明确的消息格式，支持多种消息类型
• 消费模式：读取后清空，避免消息重复处理
• 可扩展协议：通过msgType支持不同的通信语义

智能体管理器（TeammateManager）

// 智能体管理器 - 多智能体生命周期管理
static class TeammateManager {
    private final Path teamDir;
    private final Path configPath;
    private Map<String, Object> config;
    private final Map<String, Thread> threads = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
    private final Map<String, AtomicBoolean> stopFlags = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
    // 配置管理：团队配置持久化到文件
    // 线程管理：每个智能体在自己的线程中运行
    // 停止控制：支持优雅停止智能体
    
    public String spawn(String name, String role, String prompt) {
        Map<String, Object> member = findMember(name);
        
        if (member != null) {
            String status = (String) member.get("status");
            if (!"idle".equals(status) && !"shutdown".equals(status)) {
                return String.format("Error: '%s' is currently %s", name, status);
            }
            member.put("status", "working");
            member.put("role", role);
        } else {
            member = new LinkedHashMap<>();
            member.put("name", name);
            member.put("role", role);
            member.put("status", "working");
            ((List<Map<String, Object>>) config.get("members")).add(member);
        }
        // 状态管理：智能体有明确的状态机
        // 重用支持：可以重用已有的智能体
        // 角色配置：为智能体分配特定角色
        
        saveConfig();
        
        // 创建新的停止标志
        AtomicBoolean stopFlag = new AtomicBoolean(false);
        stopFlags.put(name, stopFlag);
        
        // 创建并启动新线程
        Thread thread = new Thread(() -> teammateLoop(name, role, prompt, stopFlag), 
                                 "Teammate-" + name);
        thread.setDaemon(true);
        threads.put(name, thread);
        thread.start();
        // 独立线程：每个智能体在独立线程中运行
        // 守护线程：不会阻止JVM退出
        // 命名线程：便于调试和监控
        
        return String.format("Spawned '%s' (role: %s)", name, role);
    }
    
    private void teammateLoop(String name, String role, String prompt, AtomicBoolean stopFlag) {
        String systemPrompt = String.format(
            "You are '%s', role: %s, at %s. " +
            "Use send_message to communicate. Complete your task.",
            name, role, WORKDIR
        );
        // 个性化系统提示：为每个智能体定制角色
        // 明确角色：让智能体知道自己的身份和职责
        
        List<Map<String, Object>> messages = new ArrayList<>();
        messages.add(Map.of("role", "user", "content", prompt));
        // 初始化消息：从传入的prompt开始
        
        // 最大迭代次数限制
        for (int i = 0; i < 50 && !stopFlag.get(); i++) {
            try {
                // 检查邮箱
                List<Map<String, Object>> inbox = BUS.readInbox(name);
                for (Map<String, Object> msg : inbox) {
                    messages.add(Map.of("role", "user", "content", gson.toJson(msg)));
                }
                // 邮箱检查：每次迭代前检查新消息
                // 消息注入：将收到的消息加入上下文
                // 持续通信：支持动态的任务调整
                
                // 短暂休眠，避免 CPU 过度使用
                Thread.sleep(100);
                // 节能设计：避免忙等待
            }
        }
        
        // 更新状态
        Map<String, Object> member = findMember(name);
        if (member != null && !"shutdown".equals(member.get("status"))) {
            member.put("status", "idle");
            saveConfig();
        }
        // 状态恢复：完成后状态恢复为idle
        // 配置持久化：状态变化立即保存
    }
}

• 生命周期管理：智能体的创建、运行、停止、销毁
• 状态持久化：智能体状态保存到文件，重启可恢复
• 独立执行：每个智能体在自己的线程中独立运行
• 通信集成：自动检查邮箱，支持动态通信
• 优雅停止：支持安全的停止机制

多智能体通信工具集

// 团队管理工具集
public enum ToolType {
    SPAWN_TEAMMATE("spawn_teammate", "Spawn a persistent teammate that runs in its own thread."),
    LIST_TEAMMATES("list_teammates", "List all teammates with name, role, status."),
    SEND_MESSAGE("send_message", "Send a message to a teammate's inbox."),
    READ_INBOX("read_inbox", "Read and drain the lead's inbox."),
    BROADCAST("broadcast", "Send a message to all teammates.");
    // 团队创建：动态生成新的智能体
    // 状态查询：查看所有智能体状态
    // 点对点通信：向特定智能体发送消息
    // 广播通信：向所有智能体发送消息
    // 邮箱读取：获取收到的消息
}

// 工具处理器
TOOL_HANDLERS.put(ToolType.SEND_MESSAGE.name, args -> {
    String to = (String) args.get("to");
    String content = (String) args.get("content");
    String msgType = (String) args.get("msg_type");
    if (msgType == null) msgType = "message";
    return BUS.send("lead", to, content, msgType);
    // 领导身份：所有消息都以"lead"身份发送
    // 灵活消息类型：支持不同类型的消息
});

TOOL_HANDLERS.put(ToolType.BROADCAST.name, args -> {
    String content = (String) args.get("content");
    return BUS.broadcast("lead", content, TEAM_MANAGER.memberNames());
    // 批量发送：向所有团队成员发送消息
    // 排除自己：广播不包含发送者自己
});

• 完整的通信API：提供完整的智能体间通信能力
• 领导-成员模式：明确的领导智能体控制整个团队
• 灵活的通信模式：支持点对点、广播、邮箱读取
• 与现有系统集成：与基础工具无缝集成

领导智能体主循环

// Agent 主循环（领导智能体）
public static void agentLoop(List<Map<String, Object>> messages) {
    while (true) {
        try {
            // 检查领导邮箱
            List<Map<String, Object>> inbox = BUS.readInbox("lead");
            if (!inbox.isEmpty()) {
                String inboxJson = gson.toJson(inbox);
                messages.add(Map.of(
                    "role", "user",
                    "content", "<inbox>" + inboxJson + "</inbox>"
                ));
                
                messages.add(Map.of(
                    "role", "assistant",
                    "content", "Noted inbox messages."
                ));
                // 自动邮箱检查：每次迭代前检查新消息
                // 结构化注入：用XML标签包裹，便于解析
                // 对话完整：添加assistant响应，保持结构
            }
            
            // 显示团队状态
            int activeCount = TEAM_MANAGER.getActiveCount();
            if (activeCount > 0) {
                System.out.printf("[Active teammates: %d]%n", activeCount);
            }
            // 状态监控：实时显示活跃智能体数量
        }
    }
}

• 自动通信：领导智能体自动接收和处理消息
• 状态感知：实时了解团队状态
• 决策依据：基于团队反馈做出更好的决策
• 领导协调：领导智能体负责协调整个团队

架构演进与价值

从 BackgroundTasksSystem 到 AgentTeamsSystem 的升级：