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Frostman random variables, entropy inequalities, and appl...
Alex Iosevich, Thang Pham, Nguyen Dac Quan, Steven Senger, Boqin · 2025-07-21 · via cs.IT updates on arXiv.org

We introduce Frostman conditions for bivariate random variables and study discretized entropy sum-product phenomena in both independent and dependent settings. Fix $0 < s < 1$, and let $(X,Y)$ be a bivariate real random variable with bounded support, whose distribution satisfies a Frostman condition of dimension $s$. Let $φ(x,y)$ be a polynomial obtained from a diagonal polynomial $ρ_1(x)+ρ_2(y)\in \mathbb{R}[x, y]$ of degree $d\ge 2$ by applying a change of variables $Ξ\in GL_2(\mathbb{Q})$ in $(x,y)$. We show that there exists $ε= ε(d,Ξ,s)>0$ such that \[ \max\{H_n(X+Y), H_n(φ(X,Y))\} \geq n(s+ε) \] for all sufficiently large $n$, where the precise assumptions on $(X,Y)$ depend on the Frostman level. The proof introduces a novel multi-step entropy framework, combining the state-of-the-art results on the Falconer distance problem, a discretized entropy Balog-Szemerédi-Gowers mechanism, and new entropy inequalities adapted to dependent variables, to reduce general polynomials of arbitrary degree to a diagonal quadratic case. As applications, we obtain innovative discretized sum-product type estimates along dense graphs. In particular, for a $δ$-separated set $A\subseteq [0, 1]$ of cardinality $δ^{-s}$, satisfying certain non-concentration conditions, and a dense subset $G\subseteq A\times A$, there exists $ε=ε(s, φ)>0$ such that $$E_δ(A+_GA) + E_δ(φ_G(A, A)) \ggδ^{-ε}(\#A) $$ for all $δ$ small enough. Here $E_δ(A)$ denotes the $δ$-covering number of $A$, $A+_GA:=\{x+y\colon (x, y)\in G\}$, and $φ_G(A,A):=\{φ(x, y)\colon (x, y)\in G\}$.