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eess.SP updates on arXiv.org

ECG-biometrics-bench: A Unified Framework for Reproducible Benchmarking of ECG Biometrics Physiology-Aware Masked Cross-Modal Reconstruction for Biosignal Representation Learning Towards Improving Speaker Distance Estimation through Generative Impulse Response Augmentation Federated Learning with Hypergradient-based Online Update of Aggregation Weights Soft Graph Diffusion Transformer for MIMO Detection SPLICE: Latent Diffusion over JEPA Embeddings for Conformal Time-Series Inpainting Sequential Inference for Gaussian Processes: A Signal Processing Perspective Statistical Channel Fingerprint Construction for Massive MIMO: A Unified Tensor Learning Framework Recent Advances in mm-Wave and Sub-THz/THz Oscillators for FutureG Technologies Cross-Subject Generalization for EEG Decoding: A Survey of Deep Learning Methods Super-resolution Multi-signal Direction-of-Arrival Estimation by Hankel-structured Sensing and Decomposition Hankel and Toeplitz Rank-1 Decomposition of Arbitrary Matrices with Applications to Signal Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Adaptive Transform Coding for Semantic Compression EdgeSpike: Spiking Neural Networks for Low-Power Autonomous Sensing in Edge IoT Architectures Sparse Graph Learning from Sparse Data via Fiedler Number Maximization A Deep Learning Model for Battery State Prediction towards Intelligent Energy Management Transfer Learning for Tonal Noise Prediction in VRF Units Using Thermodynamic and Vibration Signals EVT-Based Generative AI for Tail-Aware Channel Estimation Monitoring exposure-length variations in submarine power cables using distributed fiber-optic sensing BandRouteNet: An Adaptive Band Routing Neural Network for EEG Artifact Removal Phase-Separated Complex Hilbert PCA on Markerless 3D Pose Estimation Data: A Global Phase Network and Its Extension to a Continuous Field on the Body Surface Selective Correlation Based Knowledge Distillation for Ground Reaction Force Estimation Deep Learning-Enabled Dissolved Oxygen Sensing in Biofouling Environments for Ocean Monitoring Speech Enhancement Based on Drifting Models Robust and Clinically Reliable EEG Biomarkers: A Cross Population Framework for Generalizable Parkinson's Disease Detection An AI-Based Supervisory Measurement Integrity Validation Layer for Cyber-Resilient AC/DC Protection in Inverter-Based Microgrids Explainable AI in Speaker Recognition -- Making Latent Representations Understandable Time-Localized Parametric Decomposition of Respiratory Airflow for Sub-Breath Analysis NAKUL-Med: Spectral-Graph State Space Models with Dynamics Kernels for Medical Signals An Algorithm for On-Sensor Agnostic Detection of Changes in Human Activity for Ultra-Low-Power Applications
A Quantitative Evaluation of Approximate Softmax Function...
Anthony Leiva-Valverde, Fabricio Elizondo-Fernández, Luis G. Leó · 2025-01-23 · via eess.SP updates on arXiv.org

The softmax function is a widely used activation function in the output layers of neural networks, responsible for converting raw scores into class probabilities while introducing essential non-linearity. Implementing Softmax efficiently poses challenges on low-end FPGAs due to limited hardware resources and the computational complexity of exponential and division operations. This work evaluates approximate computing techniques for softmax acceleration using Taylor series and interpolation methods using Look-Up Tables (LUTs). These approximations aim to reduce execution time and resource consumption while maintaining acceptable levels of numerical precision. Our findings show that quadratic interpolation with LUTs yields the lowest numerical error. In contrast, Taylor-based approximations offer significantly better performance in terms of execution time and resource efficiency due to their computational simplicity. When applied to real-world deep learning models such as LeNet-5 and MobileNet v2, the first- and second-order Taylor approximations provided substantial trade-offs between accuracy and resource savings, achieving up to 0.2% accuracy degradation and 14% resource reduction compared to exact implementations. These results highlight the effectiveness of approximate Softmax designs on resource-constrained FPGAs and lay the groundwork for their integration into larger models, including large language models (LLMs).