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What is Learnable in Valiant's Theory of the Learnable? Learning Perturbations to Extrapolate Your LLM Byzantine-Robust Distributed Sparse Learning Revisited The Sample Complexity of Multiple Change Point Identification under Bandit Feedback A proximal gradient algorithm for composite log-concave sampling Model-based Bootstrap of Controlled Markov Chains Approximation of Maximally Monotone Operators : A Graph Convergence Perspective Posterior Contraction Rates for Sparse Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks in Anisotropic Besov Spaces MIST: Reliable Streaming Decision Trees for Online Class-Incremental Learning via McDiarmid Bound A Spectral Framework for Closed-Form Relative Density Estimation Fast Rates for Offline Contextual Bandits with Forward-KL Regularization under Single-Policy Concentrability Higher-Order Equilibrium Tracking for EM-Compressible Online Estimation Scaling Limits of Long-Context Transformers A Note on Non-Negative $L_1$-Approximating Polynomials Susceptibilities and Patterning: A Primer on Linear Response in Bayesian Learning Linear Response Estimators for Singular Statistical Models Statistical inference with belief functions: A survey Robust stochastic first order methods in heavy-tailed noise via medoid mini-batch gradient sampling Every Feedforward Neural Network Definable in an o-Minimal Structure Has Finite Sample Complexity Adaptive auditing of AI systems with anytime-valid guarantees Locally Near Optimal Piecewise Linear Regression in High Dimensions via Difference of Max-Affine Functions Risk-Controlled Post-Processing of Decision Policies Covariate Balancing and Riesz Regression Should Be Guided by the Neyman Orthogonal Score in Debiased Machine Learning A Unified Pair-GRPO Family: From Implicit to Explicit Preference Constraints for Stable and General RL Alignment Time-Inhomogeneous Preconditioned Langevin Dynamics A Fine-Grained Understanding of Uniform Convergence for Halfspaces CITE: Anytime-Valid Statistical Inference in LLM Self-Consistency Ratio-based Loss Functions Optimal Confidence Band for Kernel Gradient Flow Estimator A renormalization-group inspired lattice-based framework for piecewise generalized linear models
Completing and studentising Spearman's correlation in the...
Landon Hurley · 2025-12-30 · via math.ST updates on arXiv.org

Non-parametric correlation coefficients have been widely used for analysing arbitrary random variables upon common populations, when requiring an explicit error distribution to be known is an unacceptable assumption. We examine an \(\ell_{2}\) representation of a correlation coefficient (Emond and Mason, 2002) from the perspective of a statistical estimator upon random variables, and verify a number of interesting and highly desirable mathematical properties, mathematically similar to the Whitney embedding of a Hilbert space into the \(\ell_{2}\)-norm space. In particular, we show here that, in comparison to the traditional Spearman (1904) \(ρ\), the proposed Kemeny \(ρ_κ\) correlation coefficient satisfies Gauss-Markov conditions in the presence or absence of ties, thereby allowing both discrete and continuous marginal random variables. We also prove under standard regularity conditions a number of desirable scenarios, including the construction of a null hypothesis distribution which is Student-t distributed, parallel to standard practice with Pearson's r, but without requiring either continuous random variables nor particular Gaussian errors. Simulations in particular focus upon highly kurtotic data, with highly nominal empirical coverage consistent with theoretical expectation.