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Adversarial Examples in Random Neural Networks with Gener...
Andrea Montanari, Yuchen Wu · 2022-04-01 · via math.ST updates on arXiv.org

A substantial body of empirical work documents the lack of robustness in deep learning models to adversarial examples. Recent theoretical work proved that adversarial examples are ubiquitous in two-layers networks with sub-exponential width and ReLU or smooth activations, and multi-layer ReLU networks with sub-exponential width. We present a result of the same type, with no restriction on width and for general locally Lipschitz continuous activations. More precisely, given a neural network $f(\,\cdot\,;{\boldsymbol θ})$ with random weights ${\boldsymbol θ}$, and feature vector ${\boldsymbol x}$, we show that an adversarial example ${\boldsymbol x}'$ can be found with high probability along the direction of the gradient $\nabla_{\boldsymbol x}f({\boldsymbol x};{\boldsymbol θ})$. Our proof is based on a Gaussian conditioning technique. Instead of proving that $f$ is approximately linear in a neighborhood of ${\boldsymbol x}$, we characterize the joint distribution of $f({\boldsymbol x};{\boldsymbol θ})$ and $f({\boldsymbol x}';{\boldsymbol θ})$ for ${\boldsymbol x}' = {\boldsymbol x}-s({\boldsymbol x})\nabla_{\boldsymbol x}f({\boldsymbol x};{\boldsymbol θ})$.