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What is Learnable in Valiant's Theory of the Learnable? Learning Perturbations to Extrapolate Your LLM Byzantine-Robust Distributed Sparse Learning Revisited The Sample Complexity of Multiple Change Point Identification under Bandit Feedback A proximal gradient algorithm for composite log-concave sampling Model-based Bootstrap of Controlled Markov Chains Approximation of Maximally Monotone Operators : A Graph Convergence Perspective Posterior Contraction Rates for Sparse Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks in Anisotropic Besov Spaces MIST: Reliable Streaming Decision Trees for Online Class-Incremental Learning via McDiarmid Bound A Spectral Framework for Closed-Form Relative Density Estimation Fast Rates for Offline Contextual Bandits with Forward-KL Regularization under Single-Policy Concentrability Higher-Order Equilibrium Tracking for EM-Compressible Online Estimation Scaling Limits of Long-Context Transformers A Note on Non-Negative $L_1$-Approximating Polynomials Susceptibilities and Patterning: A Primer on Linear Response in Bayesian Learning Linear Response Estimators for Singular Statistical Models Statistical inference with belief functions: A survey Robust stochastic first order methods in heavy-tailed noise via medoid mini-batch gradient sampling Every Feedforward Neural Network Definable in an o-Minimal Structure Has Finite Sample Complexity Adaptive auditing of AI systems with anytime-valid guarantees Locally Near Optimal Piecewise Linear Regression in High Dimensions via Difference of Max-Affine Functions Risk-Controlled Post-Processing of Decision Policies Covariate Balancing and Riesz Regression Should Be Guided by the Neyman Orthogonal Score in Debiased Machine Learning A Unified Pair-GRPO Family: From Implicit to Explicit Preference Constraints for Stable and General RL Alignment Time-Inhomogeneous Preconditioned Langevin Dynamics A Fine-Grained Understanding of Uniform Convergence for Halfspaces CITE: Anytime-Valid Statistical Inference in LLM Self-Consistency Ratio-based Loss Functions Optimal Confidence Band for Kernel Gradient Flow Estimator A renormalization-group inspired lattice-based framework for piecewise generalized linear models
Combining Information from Multiple Forecasters: Ineffici...
Ville A. Satopää · 2017-06-19 · via math.ST updates on arXiv.org

Even though the forecasting literature agrees that aggregating multiple predictions of some future outcome typically outperforms the individual predictions, there is no general consensus about the right way to do this. Most common aggregators are means, defined loosely as aggregators that always remain between the smallest and largest predictions. Examples include the arithmetic mean, trimmed means, median, mid-range, and many other measures of central tendency. If the forecasters use different information, the aggregator ideally combines their information into a consensus without losing or distorting any of it. An aggregator that achieves this is considered efficient. Unfortunately, our results show that if the forecasters use their information accurately, an aggregator that always remains strictly between the smallest and largest predictions is never efficient in practice. A similar result holds even if the ideal predictions are distorted with random error that is centered at zero. If these noisy predictions are aggregated with a similar notion of centrality, then, under some mild conditions, the aggregator is asymptotically inefficient.