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What is Learnable in Valiant's Theory of the Learnable? Learning Perturbations to Extrapolate Your LLM Byzantine-Robust Distributed Sparse Learning Revisited The Sample Complexity of Multiple Change Point Identification under Bandit Feedback A proximal gradient algorithm for composite log-concave sampling Model-based Bootstrap of Controlled Markov Chains Approximation of Maximally Monotone Operators : A Graph Convergence Perspective Posterior Contraction Rates for Sparse Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks in Anisotropic Besov Spaces MIST: Reliable Streaming Decision Trees for Online Class-Incremental Learning via McDiarmid Bound A Spectral Framework for Closed-Form Relative Density Estimation Fast Rates for Offline Contextual Bandits with Forward-KL Regularization under Single-Policy Concentrability Higher-Order Equilibrium Tracking for EM-Compressible Online Estimation Scaling Limits of Long-Context Transformers A Note on Non-Negative $L_1$-Approximating Polynomials Susceptibilities and Patterning: A Primer on Linear Response in Bayesian Learning Linear Response Estimators for Singular Statistical Models Statistical inference with belief functions: A survey Robust stochastic first order methods in heavy-tailed noise via medoid mini-batch gradient sampling Every Feedforward Neural Network Definable in an o-Minimal Structure Has Finite Sample Complexity Adaptive auditing of AI systems with anytime-valid guarantees Locally Near Optimal Piecewise Linear Regression in High Dimensions via Difference of Max-Affine Functions Risk-Controlled Post-Processing of Decision Policies Covariate Balancing and Riesz Regression Should Be Guided by the Neyman Orthogonal Score in Debiased Machine Learning A Unified Pair-GRPO Family: From Implicit to Explicit Preference Constraints for Stable and General RL Alignment Time-Inhomogeneous Preconditioned Langevin Dynamics A Fine-Grained Understanding of Uniform Convergence for Halfspaces CITE: Anytime-Valid Statistical Inference in LLM Self-Consistency Ratio-based Loss Functions Optimal Confidence Band for Kernel Gradient Flow Estimator A renormalization-group inspired lattice-based framework for piecewise generalized linear models
Computation-free Nonparametric testing for Local and Glob...
Adam B Kashlak, Weicong Yuan · 2020-12-16 · via math.ST updates on arXiv.org

Measures of local and global spatial association are key tools for exploratory spatial data analysis. Many such measures exist including Moran's $I$, Geary's $C$, and the Getis-Ord $G$ and $G^*$ statistics. A parametric approach to testing for significance relies on strong assumptions, which are often not met by real world data. Alternatively, the most popular nonparametric approach, the permutation test, imposes a large computational burden especially for massive graphical networks. Hence, we propose a computation-free approach to nonparametric permutation testing for local and global measures of spatial autocorrelation stemming from generalizations of the Khintchine inequality from functional analysis and the theory of $L^p$ spaces. Our methodology is demonstrated on the results of the 2019 federal Canadian election in the province of Alberta. We recorded the percentage of the vote gained by the conservative candidate in each riding. This data is not normal, and the sample size is fixed at $n=34$ ridings making the parametric approach invalid. In contrast, running a classic permutation test for every riding, for multiple test statistics, with various neighbourhood structures, and multiple testing correction would require the simulation of millions of permutations. We are able to achieve similar statistical power on this dataset to the permutation test without the need for tedious simulation. We also consider data simulated across the entire electoral map of Canada.