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What is Learnable in Valiant's Theory of the Learnable? Learning Perturbations to Extrapolate Your LLM Byzantine-Robust Distributed Sparse Learning Revisited The Sample Complexity of Multiple Change Point Identification under Bandit Feedback A proximal gradient algorithm for composite log-concave sampling Model-based Bootstrap of Controlled Markov Chains Approximation of Maximally Monotone Operators : A Graph Convergence Perspective Posterior Contraction Rates for Sparse Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks in Anisotropic Besov Spaces MIST: Reliable Streaming Decision Trees for Online Class-Incremental Learning via McDiarmid Bound A Spectral Framework for Closed-Form Relative Density Estimation Fast Rates for Offline Contextual Bandits with Forward-KL Regularization under Single-Policy Concentrability Higher-Order Equilibrium Tracking for EM-Compressible Online Estimation Scaling Limits of Long-Context Transformers A Note on Non-Negative $L_1$-Approximating Polynomials Susceptibilities and Patterning: A Primer on Linear Response in Bayesian Learning Linear Response Estimators for Singular Statistical Models Statistical inference with belief functions: A survey Robust stochastic first order methods in heavy-tailed noise via medoid mini-batch gradient sampling Every Feedforward Neural Network Definable in an o-Minimal Structure Has Finite Sample Complexity Adaptive auditing of AI systems with anytime-valid guarantees Locally Near Optimal Piecewise Linear Regression in High Dimensions via Difference of Max-Affine Functions Risk-Controlled Post-Processing of Decision Policies Covariate Balancing and Riesz Regression Should Be Guided by the Neyman Orthogonal Score in Debiased Machine Learning A Unified Pair-GRPO Family: From Implicit to Explicit Preference Constraints for Stable and General RL Alignment Time-Inhomogeneous Preconditioned Langevin Dynamics A Fine-Grained Understanding of Uniform Convergence for Halfspaces CITE: Anytime-Valid Statistical Inference in LLM Self-Consistency Ratio-based Loss Functions Optimal Confidence Band for Kernel Gradient Flow Estimator A renormalization-group inspired lattice-based framework for piecewise generalized linear models
Kernel Density Estimation and Convolution Revisited
Nicholas Tenkorang, Kwesi Appau Ohene-Obeng, Xiaogang Su · 2025-10-23 · via math.ST updates on arXiv.org

Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) is a cornerstone of nonparametric statistics, yet it remains sensitive to bandwidth choice, boundary bias, and computational inefficiency. This study revisits KDE through a principled convolutional framework, providing an intuitive model-based derivation that naturally extends to constrained domains, such as positive-valued random variables. Building on this perspective, we introduce SHIDE (Simulation and Histogram Interpolation for Density Estimation), a novel and computationally efficient density estimator that generates pseudo-data by adding bounded noise to observations and applies spline interpolation to the resulting histogram. The noise is sampled from a class of bounded polynomial kernel densities, constructed through convolutions of uniform distributions, with a natural bandwidth parameter defined by the kernel's support bound. We establish the theoretical properties of SHIDE, including pointwise consistency, bias-variance decomposition, and asymptotic MISE, showing that SHIDE attains the classical $n^{-4/5}$ convergence rate while mitigating boundary bias. Two data-driven bandwidth selection methods are developed, an AMISE-optimal rule and a percentile-based alternative, which are shown to be asymptotically equivalent. Extensive simulations demonstrate that SHIDE performs comparably to or surpasses KDE across a broad range of models, with particular advantages for bounded and heavy-tailed distributions. These results highlight SHIDE as a theoretically grounded and practically robust alternative to traditional KDE.