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Abstract:The construction of Quasi-Exactly-Solvable quantum Hamiltonians where only the first two eigenstates $\Phi_0(x)$ and $\Phi_1(x)$ of energies $E_0$ and $E_1$ are explicit is revisited from the point of view of one-dimensional Markov processes satisfying detailed-balance, whose generators are related to quantum Hamiltonians via similarity transformations. Here, the lowest energy vanishes $E_0=0$ and is associated with the conservation of probability and with the steady state $P_*(x)$, while $E_1>0$ is the rate that governs the exponential relaxation towards the steady-state, and is associated with the slowest observable $L_1(x)$ that corresponds to the ratio $ \frac{\Phi_1(x) }{\Phi_0(x)}$ of the two quantum eigenstates. Our main conclusion is that the Markov perspective leads to interesting re-interpretations and that the construction of quasi-exactly-solvable models with $N=2$ explicit levels is more intuitive and technically simpler when one takes the slowest observable $L_1(x)$ as the central object from which all the other properties can be reconstructed. This general approach is then applied to Fokker-Planck generators in continuous space and to Markov jump generators on the lattice.

Submission history

From: Cecile Monthus [view email]
[v1] Fri, 17 Apr 2026 10:06:07 UTC (31 KB)
[v2] Tue, 1 Sep 2026 15:42:16 UTC (34 KB)