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Global offensive $k$-alliances in digraphs
Doost Ali Mojdeh, Babak Samadi, Ismael G. Yero · 2019-05-04 · via math.CO updates on arXiv.org

In this paper, we initiate the study of global offensive $k$-alliances in digraphs. Given a digraph $D=(V(D),A(D))$, a global offensive $k$-alliance in a digraph $D$ is a subset $S\subseteq V(D)$ such that every vertex outside of $S$ has at least one in-neighbor from $S$ and also at least $k$ more in-neighbors from $S$ than from outside of $S$, by assuming $k$ is an integer lying between two minus the maximum in-degree of $D$ and the maximum in-degree of $D$. The global offensive $k$-alliance number $γ_{k}^{o}(D)$ is the minimum cardinality among all global offensive $k$-alliances in $D$. In this article we begin the study of the global offensive $k$-alliance number of digraphs. For instance, we prove that finding the global offensive $k$-alliance number of digraphs $D$ is an NP-hard problem for any value $k\in \{2-Δ^-(D),\dots,Δ^-(D)\}$ and that it remains NP-complete even when restricted to bipartite digraphs when we consider the non-negative values of $k$ given in the interval above. Based on these facts, lower bounds on $γ_{k}^{o}(D)$ with characterizations of all digraphs attaining the bounds are given in this work. We also bound this parameter for bipartite digraphs from above. For the particular case $k=1$, an immediate result from the definition shows that $γ(D)\leq γ_{1}^{o}(D)$ for all digraphs $D$, in which $γ(D)$ stands for the domination number of $D$. We show that these two digraph parameters are the same for some infinite families of digraphs like rooted trees and contrafunctional digraphs. Moreover, we show that the difference between $γ_{1}^{o}(D)$ and $γ(D)$ can be arbitrary large for directed trees and connected functional digraphs.