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Complement Submodular Information Measures for Balanced and Robust Data Selection A Proof of a Conjecture on Positive and Negative Square Energies of Unicyclic Graphs Laplacian Spectrum of the Weakly Zero-Divisor Graph of a Finite Commutative Ring An identity for second Eulerian numbers via lattice-point counting $t$-tone edge coloring of graphs Constructing Maximal Bumpless Pipedreams for Double Grothendieck Polynomials Mubayi's Polynomial-Ideal Conjecture and Cover-Ideal Turán Methods Implicit Binarization via Complex Phase Dynamics in Combinatorial Optimization The limits of Schur multipliers in Pólya conversion problems for the $q$-permanent function Universality theorems for generalized splines Framing Triangulations for Arbitrary Integer Flow Polytopes On the Common Generalization of Gentle Algebras and Framed Directed Acyclic Graphs The complexity of frugal digraph homomorphisms Chaotic and periodic behavior of jeu de taquin on infinite Young tableaux Enumerating Pattern Avoiding Parking Functions Incidence toric ideals and three-point functions Unique Winning Opening Move in Three-Row Chomp Strong majority colorings of graphs A Balancing Theorem for Spanning Trees of Rectangular Grid Graphs Spectral radius and edge-disjoint connected factors of graphs New invariants for rank metric codes, with applications to the classification of rank two semifields of order 256 Flexible DP-4-coloring of planar graphs without 4-cycles and intersecting triangles Balanced intersection size distributions in projective planes List Reconstruction Problem with List Size Two Is Dimensionality a Barrier for Retrieval Models? The INIEP: Irreducible and Positive Realizations The number of Pfaffian orientations on punctured polygonally cellulated surfaces Explicit Construction of Polytopes whose Ehrhart Polynomials Realize any Given Sign Pattern Finite-state enumeration of adjacency-constrained 132-avoiding permutations AMDS and quantum AMDS Constacyclic codes of length $4p^ς$ over $\mathbb{F}_{{p}^{m}}$
A Speed-up for Helsgaun's TSP Heuristic by Relaxing the P...
Sabrina C. L. Ammann, Birte Ostermann, Sebastian Stiller, Timo d · 2024-01-29 · via math.CO updates on arXiv.org

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the most extensively researched and widely applied combinatorial optimization problems. It is NP-hard even in the symmetric and metric case. Building upon elaborate research, state-of-the-art exact solvers such as CONCORDE can solve TSP instances with several ten thousand vertices. A key ingredient for these integer programming approaches are fast heuristics to find a good initial solution, in particular the Lin-Kernighan-Helsgaun (LKH) heuristic. For instances with few hundred vertices heuristics like LKH often find an optimal solution. In this work we develop variations of LKH that perform significantly better on large instances. LKH repeatedly improves an initially random tour by exchanging edges along alternating circles. Thereby, it respects several criteria designed to quickly find alternating circles that give a feasible improvement of the tour. Among those criteria, the positive gain criterion stayed mostly untouched in previous research. It requires that, while constructing an alternating circle, the total gain has to be positive after each pair of edges. We relax this criterion carefully leading to improvement steps hitherto undiscovered by LKH. We confirm this improvement experimentally via extensive simulations on various benchmark libraries for TSP. Our computational study shows that for large instances our method is on average 13% faster than the latest version of LKH.