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Adaptive multi-fidelity optimization with fast learning rates Enhancing AI and Dynamical Subseasonal Forecasts with Probabilistic Bias Correction Sample Complexity Bounds for Stochastic Shortest Path with a Generative Model The Harder Path: Last Iterate Convergence for Uncoupled Learning in Zero-Sum Games with Bandit Feedback Stylistic-STORM (ST-STORM) : Perceiving the Semantic Nature of Appearance Collective Kernel EFT for Pre-activation ResNets PRIM-cipal components analysis One-Shot Generative Flows: Existence and Obstructions Structural interpretability in SVMs with truncated orthogonal polynomial kernels Amortized Optimal Transport from Sliced Potentials MinShap: A Modified Shapley Value Approach for Feature Selection Unsupervised feature selection using Bayesian Tucker decomposition Multi-User mmWave Beam and Rate Adaptation via Combinatorial Satisficing Bandits Best of both worlds: Stochastic & adversarial best-arm identification Scalable Model-Based Clustering with Sequential Monte Carlo Expert-Guided Class-Conditional Goodness-of-Fit Scores for Interpretable Classification with Informative Missingness: An Application to Seismic Monitoring Lightweight Geometric Adaptation for Training Physics-Informed Neural Networks Gating Enables Curvature: A Geometric Expressivity Gap in Attention Zeroth-Order Optimization at the Edge of Stability Differentially Private Conformal Prediction CLion: Efficient Cautious Lion Optimizer with Enhanced Generalization Generative Augmented Inference Improving Machine Learning Performance with Synthetic Augmentation PAC-MCTS: Bias-Aware Pruning for Robust LLM-Guided Search and Planning Path-Sampled Integrated Gradients Heat and Matérn Kernels on Matchings Doubly Outlier-Robust Online Infinite Hidden Markov Model Momentum Further Constrains Sharpness at the Edge of Stochastic Stability Multistage Conditional Compositional Optimization BOAT: Navigating the Sea of In Silico Predictors for Antibody Design via Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization
Exponential Sample Complexity Separation between Flat and...
Sho Sonoda, Shunta Akiyama, Yuya Uezato · 2026-02-11 · via stat.ML updates on arXiv.org

Agentic theorem provers often introduce intermediate lemmas, proof sketches, or subgoal decompositions before returning to tactic-level search. This can look like an expensive detour: if proving lemmas is itself hard, why should a learned prover spend effort there? We give a statistical learning answer. Instead of worst-case proof complexity over all formulas, we study the biased data distribution produced by a teacher prover: initial theorem states together with successful verified proof traces. We model proof search as a deterministic finite-horizon MDP and analyze offline imitation learning from those traces. The success bounds depend on the average length of teacher proofs, how predictable the teacher's next action is, and how accurately the student learns that local prediction problem. A flat student learns from fully inlined traces, so repeated subproofs appear many times in its training and test-time certificate. A hierarchical student instead predicts a reusable proof DAG and solves each shared block once. When flattening duplicates the same hard local argument exponentially many times, the sufficient-sample certificate produced by our bounds can be exponentially smaller for the hierarchical learner. This gives a concrete statistical mechanism by which reusable proof structure helps verifier-based theorem proving.