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DUAL-BLADE: Dual-Path NVMe-Direct KV-Cache Offloading for Edge LLM Inference Progressive Semantic Communication for Efficient Edge-Cloud Vision-Language Models Efficient, VRAM-Constrained xLM Inference on Clients Folding Tensor and Sequence Parallelism for Memory-Efficient Transformer Training & Inference DORA: A Scalable Asynchronous Reinforcement Learning System for Language Model Training AMMA: A Multi-Chiplet Memory-Centric Architecture for Low-Latency 1M Context Attention Serving RaMP: Runtime-Aware Megakernel Polymorphism for Mixture-of-Experts Spark Policy Toolkit: Semantic Contracts and Scalable Execution for Policy Learning in Spark Internet of Everything in the 6G Era: Paradigms, Enablers, Potentials and Future Directions PolyKV: A Shared Asymmetrically-Compressed KV Cache Pool for Multi-Agent LLM Inference A Survey on Split Learning for LLM Fine-Tuning: Models, Systems, and Privacy Optimizations ITAS: A Multi-Agent Architecture for LLM-Based Intelligent Tutoring Latency and Cost of Multi-Agent Intelligent Tutoring at Scale TACO: Efficient Communication Compression of Intermediate Tensors for Scalable Tensor-Parallel LLM Training FreeScale: Distributed Training for Sequence Recommendation Models with Minimal Scaling Cost CommFuse: Hiding Tail Latency via Communication Decomposition and Fusion for Distributed LLM Training A Taxonomy and Resolution Strategy for Client-Level Disagreements in Federated Learning Usable Agent Discovery for Decentralized AI Systems Cloud to Edge: Benchmarking LLM Inference On Hardware-Accelerated Single-Board Computers Data-Free Contribution Estimation in Federated Learning using Gradient von Neumann Entropy Shard the Gradient, Scale the Model: Serverless Federated Aggregation via Gradient Partitioning Promoting Simple Agents: Ensemble Methods for Event-Log Prediction GraphLeap: Decoupling Graph Construction and Convolution for Vision GNN Acceleration on FPGA AGNT2: Autonomous Agent Economies on Interaction-Optimized Layer 2 Infrastructure FedSIR: Spectral Client Identification and Relabeling for Federated Learning with Noisy Labels Stream-CQSA: Avoiding Out-of-Memory in Attention Computation via Flexible Workload Scheduling A Delta-Aware Orchestration Framework for Scalable Multi-Agent Edge Computing Federated Learning over Blockchain-Enabled Cloud Infrastructure Optimal Routing for Federated Learning over Dynamic Satellite Networks: Tractable or Not? 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Sometimes Painful but Certainly Promising: Feasibility and Trade-offs of Language Model Inference at the Edge
Maximilian Abstreiter, Sasu Tarkoma, Roberto Morabito · 2025-03-12 · via cs.DC updates on arXiv.org

The rapid rise of Language Models (LMs) has expanded the capabilities of natural language processing, powering applications from text generation to complex decision-making. While state-of-the-art LMs often boast hundreds of billions of parameters and are primarily deployed in data centers, recent trends show a growing focus on compact models-typically under 10 billion parameters-enabled by techniques such as quantization and other model compression techniques. This shift paves the way for LMs on edge devices, offering potential benefits such as enhanced privacy, reduced latency, and improved data sovereignty. However, the inherent complexity of even these smaller models, combined with the limited computing resources of edge hardware, raises critical questions about the practical trade-offs in executing LM inference outside the cloud. To address these challenges, we present a comprehensive evaluation of generative LM inference on representative CPU-based and GPU-accelerated edge devices. Our study measures key performance indicators-including memory usage, inference speed, and energy consumption-across various device configurations. Additionally, we examine throughput-energy trade-offs, cost considerations, and usability, alongside an assessment of qualitative model performance. While quantization helps mitigate memory overhead, it does not fully eliminate resource bottlenecks, especially for larger models. Our findings quantify the memory and energy constraints that must be considered for practical real-world deployments, offering concrete insights into the trade-offs between model size, inference performance, and efficiency. The exploration of LMs at the edge is still in its early stages. We hope this study provides a foundation for future research, guiding the refinement of models, the enhancement of inference efficiency, and the advancement of edge-centric AI systems.