Abstract:Given a fixed past-directed timelike vector field, does there exist a time function whose gradient is optimally aligned with it? We address this question by introducing a functional that, on the one hand, captures the misalignment between the timelike vector field and the gradients of suitable Sobolev functions, and, on the other hand, penalizes null gradients. Our analysis focuses on compact subsets of smooth stably causal spacetimes. More precisely, we prove that, under suitable assumptions on the Sobolev index and the strength of the null gradient penalization, there exists a unique smooth temporal function which minimizes the considered functional. We refer to this minimizer as the \emph{alignment time function}. Furthermore, several useful properties of the alignment time function are established: there exists a canonical procedure to improve its steepness, it is stable under $C^{p}$ convergence of the underlying metrics and vector fields and it inherits the symmetries shared by the metric and the given vector field.
From: Marco van den Beld-Serrano [view email]
[v1]
Thu, 18 Jun 2026 16:59:40 UTC (97 KB)
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