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A Refined Generalization Analysis for Extreme Multi-class Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning Ensemble Distributionally Robust Bayesian Optimisation The Proxy Presumption: From Semantic Embeddings to Valid Social Measures Modulated learning for private and distributed regression with just a single sample per client device Query-efficient model evaluation using cached responses Functional-prior-based approaches to Bayesian PDE-constrained inversion using physics-informed neural networks Optimal Experiments for Partial Causal Effect Identification Order-Agnostic Autoregressive Modelling with Missing Data Grokking or Glitching? How Low-Precision Drives Slingshot Loss Spikes Tuning Derivatives for Causal Fairness in Machine Learning Spherical Flows for Sampling Categorical Data Bayesian Rain Field Reconstruction using Commercial Microwave Links and Diffusion Model Priors GRALIS: A Unified Canonical Framework for Linear Attribution Methods via Riesz Representation Sharp Capacity Thresholds in Linear Associative Memory: From Winner-Take-All to Listwise Retrieval Unified Framework of Distributional Regret in Multi-Armed Bandits and Reinforcement Learning Jacobian-Velocity Bounds for Deployment Risk Under Covariate Drift Self-Attention as Transport: Limits of Symmetric Spectral Diagnostics Perturbation is All You Need for Extrapolating Language Models Adapt or Forget: Provable Tradeoffs Between Adam and SGD in Nonstationary Optimization Realizable Bayes-Consistency for General Metric Losses Graph Convolutional Support Vector Regression for Robust Spatiotemporal Forecasting of Urban Air Pollution Segmenting Human-LLM Co-authored Text via Change Point Detection Stochastic Schrödinger Diffusion Models for Pure-State Ensemble Generation Understanding Self-Supervised Learning via Latent Distribution Matching The Geometric Mechanics of Contrastive Representation Learning: Alignment Potentials, Entropic Dispersion, and Cross-modal Divergence Imbalanced Classification under Capacity Constraints On the Spectral Structure and Objective Equivalence of Orthogonal Multilabel Fisher Discriminants Partially Observed Structural Causal Models First-Order Efficiency for Probabilistic Value Estimation via A Statistical Viewpoint Robust and Fast Training via Per-Sample Clipping
Control variates for variance-reduced ratio of means esti...
[Submitted on 15 Oct 2025 (v1), last revised 10 Jul 2026 (this v · 2025-10-15 · via stat updates on arXiv.org

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Abstract:The control variates method is a classical variance reduction technique for Monte Carlo estimators that exploits correlated auxiliary variables without introducing bias. In many applications, the quantity of interest can be expressed as a ratio of expectations. We propose a variance-reduced estimator for such ratios, which applies control variates to both the numerator and the denominator. The control variates coefficients are optimized jointly to minimize the approximated variance of the resulting estimator. This approach guarantees variance reduction and naturally extends to approximate control variates. Simulation studies show significant variance reduction, particularly when correlations between variables and control variates are strong. The practical value of the method is illustrated on multi-fidelity applications: estimating a proportion in an aircraft design use case and a conditional value-at-risk in an electromagnetic dataset.

Submission history

From: Louison Bocquet-Nouaille [view email]
[v1] Wed, 15 Oct 2025 12:54:47 UTC (727 KB)
[v2] Fri, 7 Nov 2025 15:48:51 UTC (4,487 KB)
[v3] Fri, 10 Jul 2026 16:20:35 UTC (181 KB)