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A Refined Generalization Analysis for Extreme Multi-class Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning Ensemble Distributionally Robust Bayesian Optimisation The Proxy Presumption: From Semantic Embeddings to Valid Social Measures Modulated learning for private and distributed regression with just a single sample per client device Query-efficient model evaluation using cached responses Functional-prior-based approaches to Bayesian PDE-constrained inversion using physics-informed neural networks Optimal Experiments for Partial Causal Effect Identification Order-Agnostic Autoregressive Modelling with Missing Data Grokking or Glitching? How Low-Precision Drives Slingshot Loss Spikes Tuning Derivatives for Causal Fairness in Machine Learning Spherical Flows for Sampling Categorical Data Bayesian Rain Field Reconstruction using Commercial Microwave Links and Diffusion Model Priors GRALIS: A Unified Canonical Framework for Linear Attribution Methods via Riesz Representation Sharp Capacity Thresholds in Linear Associative Memory: From Winner-Take-All to Listwise Retrieval Unified Framework of Distributional Regret in Multi-Armed Bandits and Reinforcement Learning Jacobian-Velocity Bounds for Deployment Risk Under Covariate Drift Self-Attention as Transport: Limits of Symmetric Spectral Diagnostics Perturbation is All You Need for Extrapolating Language Models Adapt or Forget: Provable Tradeoffs Between Adam and SGD in Nonstationary Optimization Realizable Bayes-Consistency for General Metric Losses Graph Convolutional Support Vector Regression for Robust Spatiotemporal Forecasting of Urban Air Pollution Segmenting Human-LLM Co-authored Text via Change Point Detection Stochastic Schrödinger Diffusion Models for Pure-State Ensemble Generation Understanding Self-Supervised Learning via Latent Distribution Matching The Geometric Mechanics of Contrastive Representation Learning: Alignment Potentials, Entropic Dispersion, and Cross-modal Divergence Imbalanced Classification under Capacity Constraints On the Spectral Structure and Objective Equivalence of Orthogonal Multilabel Fisher Discriminants Partially Observed Structural Causal Models First-Order Efficiency for Probabilistic Value Estimation via A Statistical Viewpoint Robust and Fast Training via Per-Sample Clipping
How Neural Reward Models Learn Features for Policy Optimi...
Rei Higuchi, Ryotaro Kawata, Akifumi Wachi, Shokichi Takakura, K · 2026-05-24 · via stat updates on arXiv.org

Reward modeling is not only a prediction problem: in KL-regularized policy optimization, the learned reward is exponentiated to define the deployed policy, so downstream value depends on errors in reward-tilted regions. We study this feedback in a Gaussian single-index model with $r^*(x) = σ^*(\langle θ^*, x\rangle)$ and $x \sim N(0, I_d)$. We analyze a two-stage neural reward model that first learns the hidden direction $θ^*$ from reward-weighted samples and then fits the readout layer by weighted ridge regression. Exponential reward weighting changes the Hermite signal available to the first layer; for any feature-learning temperature $β_1$ above a dimension-free $O(1)$ threshold, a constant fraction of neurons recover the hidden direction, with weak-recovery complexity governed by the generative exponent. After feature recovery, we derive tilted-policy value-gap bounds for an idealized label-weighted fit with weights $e^{y/β_2}$ and a more practical surrogate-weighted fit with weights $e^{r_{a_0}(x)/β_2}$. Keeping the $β_2$-dependence explicit yields an admissible set of deployment temperatures, balancing the gain from lowering $β_2$ against the learning cost amplified by exponential weighting; in the surrogate-weighted case, proxy-dependent factors shrink this admissible set.