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A Refined Generalization Analysis for Extreme Multi-class Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning Ensemble Distributionally Robust Bayesian Optimisation The Proxy Presumption: From Semantic Embeddings to Valid Social Measures Modulated learning for private and distributed regression with just a single sample per client device Query-efficient model evaluation using cached responses Functional-prior-based approaches to Bayesian PDE-constrained inversion using physics-informed neural networks Optimal Experiments for Partial Causal Effect Identification Order-Agnostic Autoregressive Modelling with Missing Data Grokking or Glitching? How Low-Precision Drives Slingshot Loss Spikes Tuning Derivatives for Causal Fairness in Machine Learning Spherical Flows for Sampling Categorical Data Bayesian Rain Field Reconstruction using Commercial Microwave Links and Diffusion Model Priors GRALIS: A Unified Canonical Framework for Linear Attribution Methods via Riesz Representation Sharp Capacity Thresholds in Linear Associative Memory: From Winner-Take-All to Listwise Retrieval Unified Framework of Distributional Regret in Multi-Armed Bandits and Reinforcement Learning Jacobian-Velocity Bounds for Deployment Risk Under Covariate Drift Self-Attention as Transport: Limits of Symmetric Spectral Diagnostics Perturbation is All You Need for Extrapolating Language Models Adapt or Forget: Provable Tradeoffs Between Adam and SGD in Nonstationary Optimization Realizable Bayes-Consistency for General Metric Losses Graph Convolutional Support Vector Regression for Robust Spatiotemporal Forecasting of Urban Air Pollution Segmenting Human-LLM Co-authored Text via Change Point Detection Stochastic Schrödinger Diffusion Models for Pure-State Ensemble Generation Understanding Self-Supervised Learning via Latent Distribution Matching The Geometric Mechanics of Contrastive Representation Learning: Alignment Potentials, Entropic Dispersion, and Cross-modal Divergence Imbalanced Classification under Capacity Constraints On the Spectral Structure and Objective Equivalence of Orthogonal Multilabel Fisher Discriminants Partially Observed Structural Causal Models First-Order Efficiency for Probabilistic Value Estimation via A Statistical Viewpoint Robust and Fast Training via Per-Sample Clipping
Beyond principal ignorability: Nonparametric sensitivity ...
[Submitted on 1 Jun 2026] · 2026-06-02 · via stat updates on arXiv.org

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Abstract:Principal stratification is an effective framework addressing intermediate variables in causal inference. However, point identification of the principal causal effects (PCEs) often requires the untestable principal ignorability (PI) assumption. This article develops a nonparametric sensitivity analysis framework for evaluating PI violations. We introduce a margin-free bounding factor parameterized by the selection and outcome relative risks of an unmeasured confounder. Using this bounding factor, we derive sharp nonparametric bounds for each PCE. We prove that these bounds nest within the worst-case nonparametric bounds with and without the monotonicity assumption. We then discuss Cornfield-type conditions and principal E-values that quantify the minimum joint magnitude of unmeasured confounding required to nullify the target PCE. Furthermore, we generalize this methodology to principal generalized causal effects, extending the sensitivity bounds and falsification thresholds to the recent pairwise comparison estimands evaluated over a product space.

Submission history

From: Xinyuan Chen [view email]
[v1] Mon, 1 Jun 2026 04:24:42 UTC (475 KB)