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Beyond Binary Edits Robust Multimodal Knowledge Editing with Adversarial Subspace Alignment Agentic Proving for Program Verification MemAudit: Post-hoc Auditing of Poisoned Agent Memory via Causal Attribution and Structural Anomaly Detection OpenSkillEval: Automatically Auditing the Open Skill Ecosystem for LLM Agents One Policy, Infinite NPCs: Persona-Traceable Shared RL Policies for Scalable Game Agents How Human-Like Are Large Language Models? A Register-Aware Linguistic Evaluation Framework Benchmarking Google Embeddings 2 against Open-Source Models for Multilingual Dense Retrieval and RAG Systems Structure-Guided Entity Resolution: Fine-Tuning LLMs for Robust Name Matching in Complex Linguistic Contexts Solving the Aircraft Disassembly Scheduling Problem Co-ReAct: Rubrics as Step-Level Collaborators for ReAct Agents CP or DP? Why Not Both: A Case Study in the Partial Shop Scheduling Problem Asking For An Old Friend: Diagnosing and Mitigating Temporal Failure Modes in LLM-based Statutory Question Answering EDGE-OPD: Internalizing Privileged Context with Evidence Guided On-Policy Distillation ARES: Automated Rubric Synthesis for Scalable LLM Reinforcement Learning SSDAU: Structured Semantic Data Augmentation for Joint Entity and Relation Extraction Naturalistic measure of social norms alignment Articulatory strategy as a source of variation in acoustic vowel dynamics When Planning Fails Despite Correct Execution: On Epistemic Calibration for LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems EquiSumm : A Gender Bias-Aware Framework for Inclusive Tweet Summarization Metacognition as Reward: Reinforcing LLM Reasoning via Knowledge and Regulation Signals From Correctness to Preference: A Framework for Personalized Agentic Reinforcement Learning Cultural Adaptation in Large Language Models for Political Discourse Emotion Recognition in Sign Language Conversation ClimateChat-300K: A Multi-Modal Facebook Dataset for Understanding Diverse Perspectives in Climate Communication AraHopeCorpus: Annotation Guidelines and Dataset for Hope Speech in Arabic Social Media Crisis Discourse Human-in-the-Loop Multi-Agent Ventilator Decision Support with Contextual Bandit Preference Learning Convergence Without Understanding: When Language Models Agree on Representations but Disagree on Reasoning DART: Semantic Recoverability for Structured Tool Agents Ontological Knowledge Blocks: Executable Compliance and Profile-Based Validation for Trustworthy AI Systems Parallel Context Compaction for Long-Horizon LLM Agent Serving
The Surface You Test Is Not the Surface That Breaks
Shifat E Arman, Syed Nazmus Sakib, Nafiul Haque, Shahrear Bin Am · 2026-05-29 · via cs updates on arXiv.org

Tool-augmented LLM agents are vulnerable to prompt injection: a third party who controls part of the agent's context can plant instructions that the agent then executes as if they came from the user. Current evaluations report a single attack success rate per model on one channel, the tool output and treat that number as the model's vulnerability. But tool descriptions, which the agent reads at every turn before any tool is called, are themselves an injection surface that the attacker can choose instead. We hold the injection payload byte-identical and deliver it through both surfaces across 13 LLMs from six families and four task suites. The same bytes invert in success rate across models: GPT-4.1 is 96 percent vulnerable on tool outputs but only 4 percent on tool descriptions, while GEMINI-3-FLASH shows the mirror pattern at 20 percent and 98 percent. A variance decomposition over 6,830 attempts attributes 0 percent of the variation in attack outcomes to the surface alone, while the model-surface interaction accounts for 16.7 percent. Vulnerability is a property of the pairing, not the channel. The Adaptive Attack Rate, defined as the per-cell maximum over surfaces, exceeds the strongest fixed-surface baseline by +9.1 percentage points on average. Standard prompt-level defenses inherit the same blindspot, reducing tool-output ASR to 10-18 percent while leaving the description channel above 54 percent. Both attack and defense evaluation must report per-surface vulnerability.