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Beyond Binary Edits Robust Multimodal Knowledge Editing with Adversarial Subspace Alignment Agentic Proving for Program Verification MemAudit: Post-hoc Auditing of Poisoned Agent Memory via Causal Attribution and Structural Anomaly Detection OpenSkillEval: Automatically Auditing the Open Skill Ecosystem for LLM Agents One Policy, Infinite NPCs: Persona-Traceable Shared RL Policies for Scalable Game Agents How Human-Like Are Large Language Models? A Register-Aware Linguistic Evaluation Framework Benchmarking Google Embeddings 2 against Open-Source Models for Multilingual Dense Retrieval and RAG Systems Structure-Guided Entity Resolution: Fine-Tuning LLMs for Robust Name Matching in Complex Linguistic Contexts Solving the Aircraft Disassembly Scheduling Problem Co-ReAct: Rubrics as Step-Level Collaborators for ReAct Agents CP or DP? Why Not Both: A Case Study in the Partial Shop Scheduling Problem Asking For An Old Friend: Diagnosing and Mitigating Temporal Failure Modes in LLM-based Statutory Question Answering EDGE-OPD: Internalizing Privileged Context with Evidence Guided On-Policy Distillation ARES: Automated Rubric Synthesis for Scalable LLM Reinforcement Learning SSDAU: Structured Semantic Data Augmentation for Joint Entity and Relation Extraction Naturalistic measure of social norms alignment Articulatory strategy as a source of variation in acoustic vowel dynamics When Planning Fails Despite Correct Execution: On Epistemic Calibration for LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems EquiSumm : A Gender Bias-Aware Framework for Inclusive Tweet Summarization Metacognition as Reward: Reinforcing LLM Reasoning via Knowledge and Regulation Signals From Correctness to Preference: A Framework for Personalized Agentic Reinforcement Learning Cultural Adaptation in Large Language Models for Political Discourse Emotion Recognition in Sign Language Conversation ClimateChat-300K: A Multi-Modal Facebook Dataset for Understanding Diverse Perspectives in Climate Communication AraHopeCorpus: Annotation Guidelines and Dataset for Hope Speech in Arabic Social Media Crisis Discourse Human-in-the-Loop Multi-Agent Ventilator Decision Support with Contextual Bandit Preference Learning Convergence Without Understanding: When Language Models Agree on Representations but Disagree on Reasoning DART: Semantic Recoverability for Structured Tool Agents Ontological Knowledge Blocks: Executable Compliance and Profile-Based Validation for Trustworthy AI Systems Parallel Context Compaction for Long-Horizon LLM Agent Serving
From Outliers to Errors: Auditing Pali-to-English LLM Tra...
Máté Metzger, Nadnapang Phophichit, Hansa Dhammahaso · 2026-05-31 · via cs updates on arXiv.org

Single-score translation metrics can conflate legitimate variation with error, a problem especially acute for classical languages where multiple defensible English renderings of the same passage coexist. We audit Pali-to-English output from four flagship large language models (LLMs): GPT-5.5, Claude Sonnet 4.6, Gemini 3.1 Pro, and Grok 4.3, on 1,700 passages from the Pali Canon, using three established human translations by Bhikkhu Sujato, Thanissaro Bhikkhu, and Bhikkhu Bodhi as a local reference envelope rather than a single gold standard. Each candidate's normalized embedding drift from the reference centroid serves as a triage signal, not an error label; the 1,203 candidates above a 1.5 drift threshold are then adjudicated by a blinded three-model LLM judge panel, calibrated against a 300-instance author-adjudicated validation set. Two results stand out. First, drift predicts severity rather than error per se: the major-error rate among adjudicated high-drift candidates rose monotonically from 7.9% in the 1.5-2.0 band to 51.6% above 3.0, while approximately 80% of 1.5-2.0 outliers were judged valid translation variations. Second, model differences were clearest in the high-drift tail: GPT-5.5 had the lowest adjudicated high-drift major-error rate, with confidence intervals overlapping those of Claude Sonnet 4.6 and Gemini 3.1 Pro; Grok 4.3 had both the largest outlier volume and the highest tail major-error rate (27.6% overall, 74.4% above drift 3.0). The dominant major-error categories (e.g. omission or truncation, doctrinal term errors) are precisely the failures most likely to mislead readers of doctrinal text. The contribution is a reusable audit design for classical-to-modern translation: define a local reference envelope from multiple human translators, use embedding drift to prioritize review, and adjudicate the flagged tail rather than treating outlier status as error.