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cs.CV updates on arXiv.org

ClawGUI: A Unified Framework for Training, Evaluating, and Deploying GUI Agents On the Robustness of Watermarking for Autoregressive Image Generation Revisiting Compositionality in Dual-Encoder Vision-Language Models: The Role of Inference Anthropogenic Regional Adaptation in Multimodal Vision-Language Model From Redaction to Restoration: Deep Learning for Medical Image Anonymization and Reconstruction The Salami Slicing Threat: Exploiting Cumulative Risks in LLM Systems BoxTuning: Directly Injecting the Object Box for Multimodal Model Fine-Tuning Semantic-Geometric Dual Compression: Training-Free Visual Token Reduction for Ultra-High-Resolution Remote Sensing Understanding Lightweight Low-Light Image Enhancement via Distribution-Normalizing Preprocessing and Depthwise U-Net Back to the Barn with LLAMAs: Evolving Pretrained LLM Backbones in Finetuning Vision Language Models Pseudo-Unification: Entropy Probing Reveals Divergent Information Patterns in Unified Multimodal Models QShield: Securing Neural Networks Against Adversarial Attacks using Quantum Circuits Evaluating the Impact of Medical Image Reconstruction on Downstream AI Fairness and Performance Retinal Cyst Detection from Optical Coherence Tomography Images LoViF 2026 The First Challenge on Weather Removal in Videos STORM: End-to-End Referring Multi-Object Tracking in Videos Data-Efficient Surgical Phase Segmentation in Small-Incision Cataract Surgery: A Controlled Study of Vision Foundation Models Rethinking the Diffusion Model from a Langevin Perspective Zero-shot World Models Are Developmentally Efficient Learners Edu-MMBias: A Three-Tier Multimodal Benchmark for Auditing Social Bias in Vision-Language Models under Educational Contexts VGA-Bench: A Unified Benchmark and Multi-Model Framework for Video Aesthetics and Generation Quality Evaluation Degradation-Consistent Paired Training for Robust AI-Generated Image Detection FREE-Switch: Frequency-based Dynamic LoRA Switch for Style Transfer Demographic and Linguistic Bias Evaluation in Omnimodal Language Models FlowPalm: Optical Flow Driven Non-Rigid Deformation for Geometrically Diverse Palmprint Generation Cross-Cultural Value Awareness in Large Vision-Language Models I Walk the Line: Examining the Role of Gestalt Continuity in Object Binding for Vision Transformers GLEaN: A Text-to-image Bias Detection Approach for Public Comprehension From UAV Imagery to Agronomic Reasoning: A Multimodal LLM Benchmark for Plant Phenotyping Not Your Stereo-Typical Estimator: Combining Vision and Language for Volume Perception
Prototype Fusion: A Training-Free Multi-Layer Approach to...
Shreen Gul, Mohamed Elmahallawy, Ardhendu Tripathy, Sanjay Madri · 2026-03-25 · via cs.CV updates on arXiv.org

Deep learning models are increasingly deployed in safety-critical applications, where reliable out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential to ensure robustness. Existing methods predominantly rely on the penultimate-layer activations of neural networks, assuming they encapsulate the most informative in-distribution (ID) representations. In this work, we revisit this assumption to show that intermediate layers encode equally rich and discriminative information for OOD detection. Based on this observation, we propose a simple yet effective model-agnostic approach that leverages internal representations across multiple layers. Our scheme aggregates features from successive convolutional blocks, computes class-wise mean embeddings, and applies L_2 normalization to form compact ID prototypes capturing class semantics. During inference, cosine similarity between test features and these prototypes serves as an OOD score--ID samples exhibit strong affinity to at least one prototype, whereas OOD samples remain uniformly distant. Extensive experiments on state-of-the-art OOD benchmarks across diverse architectures demonstrate that our approach delivers robust, architecture-agnostic performance and strong generalization for image classification. Notably, it improves AUROC by up to 4.41% and reduces FPR by 13.58%, highlighting multi-layer feature aggregation as a powerful yet underexplored signal for OOD detection, challenging the dominance of penultimate-layer-based methods. Our code is available at: https://github.com/sgchr273/cosine-layers.git.