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cs.CL updates on arXiv.org

Playing Along: Learning a Double-Agent Defender for Belief Steering via Theory of Mind RPA-Check: A Multi-Stage Automated Framework for Evaluating Dynamic LLM-based Role-Playing Agents A Triadic Suffix Tokenization Scheme for Numerical Reasoning Hidden Measurement Error in LLM Pipelines Distorts Annotation, Evaluation, and Benchmarking Synthius-Mem: Brain-Inspired Hallucination-Resistant Persona Memory Achieving 94.4% Memory Accuracy and 99.6% Adversarial Robustness on LoCoMo Time is Not a Label: Continuous Phase Rotation for Temporal Knowledge Graphs and Agentic Memory NovBench: Evaluating Large Language Models on Academic Paper Novelty Assessment Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Polyglot Teachers: Evaluating Language Models for Multilingual Synthetic Data Generation Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Evaluating Memory Capability in Continuous Lifelog Scenario How Robust Are Large Language Models for Clinical Numeracy? An Empirical Study on Numerical Reasoning Abilities in Clinical Contexts Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis OccuBench: Evaluating AI Agents on Real-World Professional Tasks via Language Environment Simulation Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series
How Transformers Reject Wrong Answers: Rotational Dynamic...
Javier Marín · 2026-02-25 · via cs.CL updates on arXiv.org

When a decoder-only transformer is forced to process matched correct and incorrect single-token continuations of a factual query, the two pathways through hidden-state space diverge in a specific way: displacement vectors from the query-only representation maintain approximately equal magnitude but rotate apart in direction. The angular separation grows through mid-depth, and late layers resolve the asymmetric outcome -a logit-lens preference that, in the incorrect run, falls far below the naive prior of equal probability, corresponding to the model assigning approximately 11.5 times more probability to the incorrect token than to the correct one. We characterize this two-phase pattern-rotational divergence in mid-depth followed by late-layer asymmetric commitment-as the empirical geometric signature of what looks externally like the model rejecting a wrong continuation, while remaining explicit that it is an observational characterization, not a causal account. The pattern is consistent across six decoder-only transformers including five architecture families from 1B to 13B parameters. A seventh model (Qwen2 1.5B) shows a flat profile under the present extraction protocol that is plausibly a tokenizer-fragmentation artefact rather than a real scale floor; the question of an emergence threshold is left open. Single-layer activation patching does not recover the correct token at any layer band, meaning the late-layer asymmetry is not localized to a discrete component under the protocol used. Taken together, the evidence is consistent with a distributed-by-trajectory account of factual constraint processing-geometric structure that emerges cumulatively across many layers rather than from a single localized circuit and inconsistent with the simplest single-layer localized-recall account.