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cs.CL updates on arXiv.org

Playing Along: Learning a Double-Agent Defender for Belief Steering via Theory of Mind RPA-Check: A Multi-Stage Automated Framework for Evaluating Dynamic LLM-based Role-Playing Agents A Triadic Suffix Tokenization Scheme for Numerical Reasoning Hidden Measurement Error in LLM Pipelines Distorts Annotation, Evaluation, and Benchmarking Synthius-Mem: Brain-Inspired Hallucination-Resistant Persona Memory Achieving 94.4% Memory Accuracy and 99.6% Adversarial Robustness on LoCoMo Time is Not a Label: Continuous Phase Rotation for Temporal Knowledge Graphs and Agentic Memory NovBench: Evaluating Large Language Models on Academic Paper Novelty Assessment Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Polyglot Teachers: Evaluating Language Models for Multilingual Synthetic Data Generation Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Evaluating Memory Capability in Continuous Lifelog Scenario How Robust Are Large Language Models for Clinical Numeracy? An Empirical Study on Numerical Reasoning Abilities in Clinical Contexts Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis OccuBench: Evaluating AI Agents on Real-World Professional Tasks via Language Environment Simulation Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series
Exploring Structural Complexity in Normative RAG with Gra...
Aiman Al Masoud, Marco Arazzi, Simone Germani, Antonino Nocera · 2026-02-01 · via cs.CL updates on arXiv.org

Industrial standards and normative documents exhibit intricate hierarchical structures, domain-specific lexicons, and extensive cross-referential dependencies, which making it challenging to process them directly by Large Language Models (LLMs). While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) provides a computationally efficient alternative to LLM fine-tuning, standard "vanilla" vector-based retrieval may fail to capture the latent structural and relational features intrinsic in normative documents. With the objective of shedding light on the most promising technique for building high-performance RAG solutions for normative, standards, and regulatory documents, this paper investigates the efficacy of Graph RAG architectures, which represent information as interconnected nodes, thus moving from simple semantic similarity toward a more robust, relation-aware retrieval mechanism. Despite the promise of graph-based techniques, there is currently a lack of empirical evidence as to which is the optimal indexing strategy for technical standards. Therefore, to help solve this knowledge gap, we propose a specialized RAG methodology tailored to the unique structure and lexical characteristics of standards and regulatory documents. Moreover, to keep our investigation grounded, we focus on well-known public standards, such as the ETSI EN 301 489 series. We evaluate several lightweight and low-latency strategies designed to embed document structure directly into the retrieval workflow. The considered approaches are rigorously tested against a custom synthesized Q&A dataset, facilitating a quantitative performance analysis. Our experimental results demonstrate that the incorporation of structural and lexical information into the index can enhance, at least to some extent, retrieval performance, providing a scalable framework for automated normative and standards elaboration.