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PAC Learning with Bandit Feedback: Sharp Sample Complexity in the Realizable Setting Algorithms with Polynomially-Improved Approximation Factors for the $2 \rightarrow q$ Norm, and Applications A computational phase transition for learning-to-sample from Ising models Covering vertices by sequential stars Fermi-Dirac machines as quantizations of neurons A Comprehensive Evaluation of Vertex Elimination Algorithms for Algorithmic Differentiation A Tight Bound on Localization of Electrical Flows Optimal Dimension-Free Sampling for Regularized Classification Reducing the Randomness in Partition Oracles for Bounded Degree Minor-Free Graphs Beyond the Half-Approximation: Fair and Efficient Online Class Matching Efficient Uniform Sampling of Surjections via their Profiles Tractable Maximization of Budgeted Phylogenetic Diversity on Networks Utilizing Node Scanwidth Fairness in Aggregation: Optimal Top-$k$ and Improved Full Ranking Learning-Augmented Online Scheduling with Parsimonious Preemption Entropy Equivalence Testing Lumberjack: Better Differentially Private Random Forests through Heavy Hitter Detection in Trees The Secretary Problem with a Stochastic Precursor Polynomial-Time Robust Multiclass Linear Classification under Gaussian Marginals Efficient Banzhaf-Based Data Valuation for $k$-Nearest Neighbors Classification Block-Sphere Vector Quantization An Approximation Algorithm for Graph Label Selection Iterative Chow Filtering for Learning with Distribution Shift Complexity of Non-Log-Concave Sampling in Fisher Information Stochastic Matching via Local Sparsification Finite Sample Bounds for Learning with Score Matching What is Learnable in Valiant's Theory of the Learnable? Provable Quantization with Randomized Hadamard Transform Min-Max Optimization Requires Exponentially Many Queries Fast and Compact Graph Cuts for the Boykov-Kolmogorov Algorithm A proximal gradient algorithm for composite log-concave sampling
DynamicLogLog: Faster, Smaller, and More Accurate Cardina...
Brian Bushnell · 2026-03-29 · via cs.DS updates on arXiv.org

Cardinality estimation - calculating the number of distinct elements in a stream - is a longstanding problem with applications from networking to bioinformatics. HyperLogLog (HLL), the prevailing standard, has a well-known error spike in its transition region and requires 6 bits per bucket, with data structure size scaling as B*log(log(cardinality)). We present DynamicLogLog (DLL), which uses a shared exponent across all buckets, storing only relative leading-zero counts. This yields three benefits: (1) only 4 bits per bucket (33% memory reduction), (2) an early exit mask that rejects >99.9% of elements at high cardinality before any bucket access (over 10x faster than HLL when bandwidth-constrained), and (3) a flat error profile via Dynamic Linear Counting (DLC) and a Logarithmic Hybrid Blend that eliminates HLL's transition artifact. Squaring the maximum representable cardinality requires only a single additional bit of global state. At 2,048 buckets with 512k simulations, DLL4's hybrid estimate achieves 1.830% mean and 1.834% peak absolute error using 1,024 bytes, compared to 1.84% mean and 34.1% peak for HLL using 1,536 bytes. DLC achieves 1.90% mean without correction factors. DynamicUltraLogLog (UDLL6), a fusion of DLL and UltraLogLog, achieves ULL-level accuracy at 75% of the memory. History-corrected variants (Hybrid+n) and Layered DLC (LDLC) provide further improvements using per-state correction tables and anti-phase error cancellation.