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Abstract:An extended regular expression $R$ specifies a set of strings formed by characters from an alphabet combined with concatenation, union, intersection, complement, and star operators. Given an extended regular expression $R$ and a string $Q$, the extended regular expression matching problem is to decide if $Q$ matches any of the strings specified by $R$. Extended regular expression matching was introduced by Hopcroft and Ullman in the 1970s, who gave a simple dynamic programming solution using $O(n^3m)$ time and $O(n^2m)$ space, where $n$ is the length of $Q$ and $m$ is the length of $R$. The current state-of-the art solution, by Yamamoto and Miyazaki uses $O(\frac{n^3k + n^2m}{w} + n + m)$ time and $O(\frac{n^2k + nm}{w} + n + m)$ space, where $k$ is the number of negation and complement operators in $R$ and $w$ is the number of bits in a machine word. This roughly replaces the $m$ factor with $k$ in the dominant terms of both the space and time bounds of the classical Hopcroft and Ullman algorithm.
In this paper, we present a new solution that solves extended regular expression matching in
\[
O\left(n^\omega k + \frac{n^2m}{\max(w/\log w, \log n)} + m\right)
\]
time and $O(\frac{n^2 \log k}{w} + n + m) = O(n^2 +m)$ space, where $\omega \approx 2.3716$ is the exponent of matrix multiplication. Essentially, this replaces the dominant $n^3k$ term with $n^\omega k$ in the time bound, while simultaneously improving the $n^2k$ term in the space to $O(n^2)$.
Our results are based on a surprisingly simple combination of techniques and insights, including a compact representation to store and efficiently combine substring matches, a clustering technique for parse trees of extended regular expressions, and a new efficient combination of finite automaton simulation with our substring match representation to speed up the classic dynamic programming solution.

Submission history

From: Philip Bille [view email]
[v1] Fri, 10 Oct 2025 12:04:53 UTC (225 KB)
[v2] Fri, 6 Feb 2026 13:35:42 UTC (89 KB)
[v3] Thu, 6 Aug 2026 09:13:20 UTC (115 KB)