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Apple Machine Learning Research

Multilingual Knowledge Transfer under Data Constraints via Lexical Interventions Scaling Laws for Mixture Pretraining Under Data Constraints Examining Human-Like Behaviors in LLMs: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of Model Behaviors, User Factors, and System Prompts GRPO Beyond English: A Large-Scale Study of GRPO in Non-English and Multilingual Settings MVICAD2: Multi-View Independent Component Analysis with Delays and Dilations A Specialized Semismooth Newton Method for Kernel-Based Optimal Transport When Unlearning Is Free: Leveraging Low Influence Points to Reduce Computational Costs Scaling Categorical Flow Maps Beyond Next-Token Prediction: A Performance Characterization of Diffusion versus Autoregressive Language Models Arbitrage: Efficient Reasoning via Advantage-Aware Speculation Locking Pretrained Weights via Deep Low-Rank Residual Distillation DeepAmbigQA: Ambiguous Multi-hop Questions for Benchmarking LLM Answer Completeness Taming Outlier Tokens in Diffusion Transformers Understanding Alignment in Multimodal LLMs: A Comprehensive Study Dimensionality Reduction Meets Network Science: Sensemaking on UMAP’s kNN Graph MoMo: Dial Motion Mode in Robot Manipulation with Spatiotemporal Action Tokenization Memory Efficient Audio Synthesis with Decoupled Temporal Depth Diffusion Transformers GH-ESD: Grounded Hypothesis-Driven Error Slice Discovery for Instance-Level Vision Tasks LEAD: Breaking the No-Recovery Bottleneck in Long-Horizon Reasoning Environment-free Synthetic Data Generation for API-Calling Agents Accelerating Text-to-Video Generation with Calibrated Sparse Attention RayRoPE: Projective Ray Positional Encoding for Multi-View Attention LVSum: A Benchmark for Timestamp-Aware Long Video Summarization Length Value Model: Scalable Value Pretraining for Token-Level Length Modeling When Unlearning Is Free: Leveraging Low Influence Points to Reduce Computational Costs Show Me Examples: Inferring Visual Concepts from Image Sets Location-Invariant Properties of Functions Versus Properties of Distributions: United in Testing but Separated in Verification Interactive Proofs for General Distribution Properties Doubly Sub-linear Interactive Proofs of Proximity Personalizing Incremental Video Search with Hybrid Text and ID Embeddings
The P-Completeness of Inverted Index Traversal: On the Co...
2026-08-19 · via Apple Machine Learning Research

Modern AI agents increasingly rely on search infrastructure to execute complex, neuro-symbolic reasoning workflows. These workflows often compile into deeply nested, non-monotonic Boolean queries over text fields. However, standard query evaluation strategies over inverted indices face severe theoretical limits when handling these structures. Stateful iterator models (Document-at-a-Time) are structurally bounded by NC^1 formula evaluation, suffering a worst-case O(2^|Q|) exponential blowup in query complexity when unrolling re-convergent logic. Conversely, recursive materialization models (Term-at-a-Time) incur an Ω(|U|) space complexity penalty (the Universal Scan) when evaluating logical negation over the document universe.

In this paper, we establish the theoretical boundaries of executing complex logic natively over an inverted index. We formalize a retrieval language (L_R) based on Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) and prove that its evaluation problem is strictly P-Complete. To make evaluation tractable, we introduce ComputePN, a deterministic, sparsity-aware evaluation algorithm. By decoupling logical negation from universe-scale materialization via a novel Positive-Negative dual representation, and utilizing native DAG memoization, ComputePN strictly bounds evaluation time to O(|Q| · |U_active|). This approach successfully evaluates P-Complete queries natively over the index, avoiding both the combinatorial tree-expansion bottleneck and the universal scan penalty, laying the formal foundation for computational retrieval.

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