Use the arrays filter to remove empty values, the any(…) filter to check for set inclusion, then wrap the whole thing in square brackets.

Here’s a problem I’ve had several times recently: I have an array of JSON objects which have an array of string tags, and I want to filter for objects with matching tags. Sometimes the array of tags is null rather than an empty list.

Here’s an example:

[
  {"id": "square",    "tags": ["quadrilateral", "2d"]},
  {"id": "rectangle", "tags": ["quadrilateral", "2d"]},
  {"id": "triangle",  "tags": ["2d"]},
  {"id": "blob",      "tags": null},
  {"id": "tagless"}
]

(The field isn’t always called tags, but this general pattern is common.)

Here’s the jq filter I need:

jq '[ .[] | select(.tags | arrays and any(. == "quadrilateral")) ]'

whcih returns the following output:

[
  {
    "id": "square",
    "tags": [
      "quadrilateral",
      "2d"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "rectangle",
    "tags": [
      "quadrilateral",
      "2d"
    ]
  }
]

How it works

• .[] is the array value iterator, which iterates over the objects in the array.

• the select(…) function filters the array for matching objects.

• .tags is an object identifier-index; it looks up the "tags" key in the object.

• arrays is a built-in filter that filters for objects where .tags is an array, so it discards objects where tags is missing or null.

• the any(…) filter filters for tag arrays where one of the items is equal to "quadrilateral".

• the […] around the whole expression wraps the result in a new array. Skip them if you want one object per line.

Notably, I’m not using the contains(…) filter. Although it sounds useful, it can only test items of the same type – it can test if a string contains a substring, or if an array is a superset of another array, but it can’t test if an array contains a string.