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Scientific discovery as meta-optimization: a combinatorial optimization case study
[Submitted on 25 Jun 2026] · 2026-06-26 · via cs.LG updates on arXiv.org

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Abstract:Scientific discovery is fundamentally an optimization problem, defined by a vast "state space" of theories and experiments, and an evaluation criterion based on quality, novelty, and validity. Large language models (LLMs) have enabled automated exploration of this space, but we argue that simultaneous modification of the evaluation criteria is equally important. Here, we propose formalizing research as meta-optimization, where the optimization objective itself is also being optimized. Our key contribution is "consensus objective aggregation," where LLM-generated objective functions are combined via correlation-weighted voting, yielding a stable, self-correcting evaluation criterion that evolves as understanding deepens. We apply this framework to algorithm discovery for 3-SAT problems based on digital MemComputing machines, reducing the baseline scaling with problem size $N$ from $\sim N^{2.51}$ to $\sim N^{1.33}$ and delivering a $\sim 67\times$ speedup on the largest instances tested. As a problem-agnostic framework, we hope this approach will considerably aid scientific discovery.

Submission history

From: Yuan-Hang Zhang [view email]
[v1] Thu, 25 Jun 2026 08:11:48 UTC (1,698 KB)

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