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Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
Stealthy Backdoor Attacks against LLMs Based on Natural S...
Jiali Wei, Ming Fan, Guoheng Sun, Xicheng Zhang, Haijun Wang, Ti · 2026-04-23 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

The growing application of large language models (LLMs) in safety-critical domains has raised urgent concerns about their security. Many recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of backdoor attacks against LLMs. However, existing methods suffer from three key shortcomings: explicit trigger patterns that compromise naturalness, unreliable injection of attacker-specified payloads in long-form generation, and incompletely specified threat models that obscure how backdoors are delivered and activated in practice. To address these gaps, we present BadStyle, a complete backdoor attack framework and pipeline. BadStyle leverages an LLM as a poisoned sample generator to construct natural and stealthy poisoned samples that carry imperceptible style-level triggers while preserving semantics and fluency. To stabilize payload injection during fine-tuning, we design an auxiliary target loss that reinforces the attacker-specified target content in responses to poisoned inputs and penalizes its emergence in benign responses. We further ground the attack in a realistic threat model and systematically evaluate BadStyle under both prompt-induced and PEFT-based injection strategies. Extensive experiments across seven victim LLMs, including LLaMA, Phi, DeepSeek, and GPT series, demonstrate that BadStyle achieves high attack success rates (ASRs) while maintaining strong stealthiness. The proposed auxiliary target loss substantially improves the stability of backdoor activation, yielding an average ASR improvement of around 30% across style-level triggers. Even in downstream deployment scenarios unknown during injection, the implanted backdoor remains effective. Moreover, BadStyle consistently evades representative input-level defenses and bypasses output-level defenses through simple camouflage.