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Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
The Last Fingerprint: How Markdown Training Shapes LLM Prose
E. M. Freeburg · 2026-03-28 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Large language models produce em dashes at varying rates, and the observation that some models "overuse" them has become one of the most widely discussed markers of AI-generated text. Yet no mechanistic account of this pattern exists, and the parallel observation that LLMs default to markdown-formatted output has never been connected to it. We propose that the em dash is markdown leaking into prose -- the smallest surviving unit of the structural orientation that LLMs acquire from markdown-saturated training corpora. We present a five-step genealogy connecting training data composition, structural internalization, the dual-register status of the em dash, and post-training amplification. We test this with a two-condition suppression experiment across twelve models from five providers (Anthropic, OpenAI, Meta, Google, DeepSeek): when models are instructed to avoid markdown formatting, overt features (headers, bullets, bold) are eliminated or nearly eliminated, but em dashes persist -- except in Meta's Llama models, which produce none at all. Em dash frequency and suppression resistance vary from 0.0 per 1,000 words (Llama) to 9.1 (GPT-4.1 under suppression), functioning as a signature of the specific fine-tuning procedure applied. A three-condition suppression gradient shows that even explicit em dash prohibition fails to eliminate the artifact in some models, and a base-vs-instruct comparison confirms that the latent tendency exists pre-RLHF. These findings connect two previously isolated online discourses and reframe em dash frequency as a diagnostic of fine-tuning methodology rather than a stylistic defect.